Feat: Add production-grade multi-stage container image for UI

Two-stage build (node:22-slim builder + nginxinc/nginx-unprivileged:alpine
runtime) with SPA fallback routing, long-lived cache headers for fingerprinted
assets, non-root user (UID 101), and no Node.js toolchain in runtime image
(82 MB vs 329 MB+ single-stage). Verified by ui/tests/build/verify_production_image.sh
covering build, health, SPA routing, non-root, stdout logging, cache-control
headers, SIGTERM exit 0, Node.js absent, secret-free layers, and dep-layer
cache hit. 102 integration tests still pass; shellcheck clean.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>

.env.example

@@ -19,3 +19,11 @@ JWT_SECRET_KEY=change-me-to-a-long-random-string
 JWT_EXPIRY_SECONDS=86400
 OWNER_USERNAME=owner
 OWNER_PASSWORD=change-me
+
+# Login brute-force protection
+LOGIN_MAX_FAILURES=5
+LOGIN_WINDOW_SECONDS=300
+LOGIN_COOLDOWN_SECONDS=900
+# Comma-separated IPs/CIDRs of trusted upstream proxies (e.g. nginx ingress pod CIDR).
+# Leave empty when not behind a reverse proxy.
+LOGIN_TRUSTED_PROXY_IPS=

.env.test.example

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# Integration test environment variables
+# Used when running pytest directly on the host (outside Docker).
+#
+# Start test services first:
+#   docker compose -f docker-compose.test.yml up -d postgres-test minio-test minio-init-test
+#
+# Then source this file and run tests:
+#   export $(grep -v '^#' .env.test.example | xargs)
+#   cd api && python -m pytest tests/integration/ -v
+
+# PostgreSQL test database (postgres-test container on host port 5433)
+TEST_DATABASE_URL=postgresql+asyncpg://reactbin:reactbin@localhost:5433/reactbin_test
+DATABASE_URL=postgresql+asyncpg://reactbin:reactbin@localhost:5433/reactbin_test
+
+# MinIO test instance (minio-test container on host port 9002)
+S3_ENDPOINT_URL=http://localhost:9002
+S3_BUCKET_NAME=reactbin-test
+S3_ACCESS_KEY_ID=minioadmin
+S3_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=minioadmin
+S3_REGION=us-east-1
+
+# Auth (test values — not for production)
+JWT_SECRET_KEY=test-secret-key-for-testing-only
+OWNER_USERNAME=testowner
+OWNER_PASSWORD=testpassword
+
+# API
+API_BASE_URL=http://localhost:8000
+MAX_UPLOAD_BYTES=52428800
+
+# Login brute-force protection
+LOGIN_MAX_FAILURES=5
+LOGIN_WINDOW_SECONDS=300
+LOGIN_COOLDOWN_SECONDS=900
+# Comma-separated IPs/CIDRs of trusted upstream proxies; leave empty for direct connections.
+LOGIN_TRUSTED_PROXY_IPS=

.gitignore

@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
+# Developer notes
+notes/
+
 # Environment
 .env
 .env.*
 !.env.example
+!.env.test.example
 
 # Python
 __pycache__/
@@ -12,6 +16,8 @@ venv/
 *.egg-info/
 dist/
 build/
+!api/tests/build/
+!ui/tests/build/
 .pytest_cache/
 .ruff_cache/
 .coverage

.specify/feature.json

@@ -1 +1,3 @@
-{"feature_directory":"specs/006-header-nav-signout"}
+{
+  "feature_directory": "specs/011-ui-prod-dockerfile"
+}

.specify/memory/constitution.md

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 <!--
 SYNC IMPACT REPORT
 ==================
-Version change: 1.1.1 → 1.2.0
-Ratified: 2026-05-01 | Last amended: 2026-05-03
+Version change: 1.2.0 → 1.3.0
+Ratified: 2026-05-01 | Last amended: 2026-05-06
 
 Principles introduced (first population from docs/CONSTITUTION.md):
   - §2  Architecture Principles (6 sub-principles)
@@ -94,10 +94,11 @@ The constitution acknowledges all three; the spec governs which is built.
 
 ### 2.5 Database abstraction
 
-PostgreSQL is the Phase 1 database. All DB access MUST go through a repository
-layer (one repository class per domain aggregate). Raw SQL or an ORM is
-acceptable, but no query logic MAY live outside a repository. This makes the
-planned PostgreSQL → SQLite refactor a repository-layer change only.
+PostgreSQL is the database. All DB access MUST go through a repository layer
+(one repository class per domain aggregate). Raw SQL or an ORM is acceptable,
+but no query logic MAY live outside a repository. No alternative database
+engine (SQLite, DuckDB, in-memory substitutes) MAY be used in integration
+tests — dialect differences mask production bugs.
 
 ### 2.6 No speculative abstraction
 
@@ -179,8 +180,11 @@ before any implementation step.
 ### 5.2 Test pyramid
 
 - **Unit tests** — pure logic, repository mocks, no I/O
-- **Integration tests** — API routes tested against a real (test) database
-  and a real (test) S3-compatible bucket (e.g. MinIO in Docker)
+- **Integration tests** — API routes tested against a real PostgreSQL instance
+  and a real S3-compatible bucket (e.g. MinIO in Docker). SQLite and other
+  in-memory database substitutes are **prohibited** — PostgreSQL-specific
+  behaviour (GROUP BY enforcement, JSON operators, constraint handling) MUST
+  be exercised by the test suite.
 - **E2E tests** — Angular + API, minimal set covering the core happy paths
 
 Unit and integration tests are required. E2E tests are best-effort in v1.
@@ -284,7 +288,8 @@ Phase 1 design is complete.
 | 1.1.0   | 2026-05-02 | Adopted into Spec Kit memory; fixed duplicate §4.3 → §4.4; strengthened "should" language to MUST/MUST NOT; added §9 Governance |
 | 1.1.1   | 2026-05-03 | Clarify that the only acceptable form of image transformation or editing is thumbnail generation                                |
 | 1.2.0   | 2026-05-03 | §2.4: Mark Phase 2 (JWT bearer auth) complete, reword phase status; §6: Add PyJWT to tech stack table; §8: Remove username/password auth from out-of-scope (now shipped) |
+| 1.3.0   | 2026-05-06 | §2.5: Remove planned PostgreSQL → SQLite refactor note; prohibit alternative database engines in integration tests. §5.2: Explicitly require PostgreSQL for integration tests; prohibit SQLite — a production HAVING/GROUP BY bug was masked by SQLite's permissive dialect. |
 
 ---
 
-**Version**: 1.2.0 | **Ratified**: 2026-05-01 | **Last Amended**: 2026-05-03
+**Version**: 1.3.0 | **Ratified**: 2026-05-01 | **Last Amended**: 2026-05-06

CLAUDE.md

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <!-- SPECKIT START -->
 For additional context about technologies to be used, project structure,
 shell commands, and other important information, read the current plan at
-`specs/005-ui-polish/plan.md`.
+`specs/011-ui-prod-dockerfile/plan.md`.
 <!-- SPECKIT END -->

Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+.PHONY: test-unit test-integration build-prod verify-prod build-ui-prod verify-ui-prod
+
+test-unit:
+	cd api && python -m pytest tests/unit/ -v
+
+test-integration:
+	docker compose -f docker-compose.test.yml run --rm api-test
+
+build-prod:
+	docker build -f api/Dockerfile.prod api/ -t reactbin-api-prod:latest
+
+verify-prod:
+	bash api/tests/build/verify_production_image.sh
+
+build-ui-prod:
+	docker build -f ui/Dockerfile.prod ui/ -t reactbin-ui-prod:latest
+
+verify-ui-prod:
+	bash ui/tests/build/verify_production_image.sh

api/.dockerignore

@@ -12,3 +12,6 @@ dist/
 .env
 .env.*
 !.env.example
+tests/
+alembic/
+alembic.ini

api/Dockerfile.prod

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
+
+# ════════════════════════════════════════════════
+# Build stage: install production deps via uv
+# ════════════════════════════════════════════════
+FROM ghcr.io/astral-sh/uv:python3.12-bookworm-slim AS builder
+
+WORKDIR /app
+
+ENV UV_COMPILE_BYTECODE=1 \
+    UV_LINK_MODE=copy \
+    UV_PYTHON_DOWNLOADS=never
+
+# Layer cache split: deps only (changes rarely)
+COPY pyproject.toml uv.lock ./
+RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache/uv \
+    uv sync --frozen --no-dev --no-install-project
+
+# Layer cache split: source (changes often)
+COPY app/ ./app/
+
+# ════════════════════════════════════════════════
+# Runtime stage: lean image with venv + source
+# ════════════════════════════════════════════════
+FROM python:3.12-slim
+
+WORKDIR /app
+
+RUN apt-get update \
+    && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends curl \
+    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+
+RUN groupadd --system --gid 1001 appgroup \
+    && useradd --system --uid 1001 --gid 1001 --no-create-home appuser
+
+COPY --from=builder --chown=appuser:appgroup /app/.venv /app/.venv
+COPY --chown=appuser:appgroup app/ ./app/
+
+USER appuser
+
+ENV PATH="/app/.venv/bin:$PATH"
+
+EXPOSE 8000
+
+HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=5s --start-period=10s --retries=3 \
+    CMD curl -f http://localhost:8000/api/v1/health || exit 1
+
+CMD ["uvicorn", "app.main:app", \
+     "--host", "0.0.0.0", \
+     "--port", "8000", \
+     "--timeout-graceful-shutdown", "30"]

api/app/auth/rate_limiter.py

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+import ipaddress
+import logging
+import time
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from ipaddress import IPv4Network, IPv6Network
+from threading import Lock
+
+from starlette.requests import Request
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def get_client_ip(
+    request: Request,
+    trusted_networks: list[IPv4Network | IPv6Network],
+) -> str:
+    """Return the resolved client IP, honouring X-Forwarded-For when the
+    TCP peer is a trusted upstream proxy. Falls back to the TCP peer address
+    when no trusted networks are configured or the peer is not in the list."""
+    peer = request.client.host if request.client else "unknown"
+    if trusted_networks and peer != "unknown":
+        try:
+            peer_addr = ipaddress.ip_address(peer)
+            if any(peer_addr in net for net in trusted_networks):
+                xff = request.headers.get("X-Forwarded-For", "").split(",")[0].strip()
+                if xff:
+                    return xff
+                real_ip = request.headers.get("X-Real-IP", "").strip()
+                if real_ip:
+                    return real_ip
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+    return peer
+
+
+@dataclass
+class _Record:
+    failures: int = 0
+    window_start: float = field(default_factory=time.time)
+    blocked_until: float = 0.0
+
+
+class LoginRateLimiter:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        max_failures: int = 5,
+        window_seconds: int = 300,
+        cooldown_seconds: int = 900,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._max = max_failures
+        self._window = window_seconds
+        self._cooldown = cooldown_seconds
+        self._store: dict[str, _Record] = {}
+        self._lock = Lock()
+
+    @property
+    def cooldown_seconds(self) -> int:
+        return self._cooldown
+
+    def is_blocked(self, ip: str) -> bool:
+        now = time.time()
+        with self._lock:
+            rec = self._store.get(ip)
+            if rec is None:
+                return False
+            if rec.blocked_until > now:
+                return True
+            if rec.blocked_until > 0:
+                del self._store[ip]
+            return False
+
+    def record_failure(self, ip: str) -> None:
+        now = time.time()
+        with self._lock:
+            rec = self._store.get(ip)
+            if rec is None:
+                rec = _Record(window_start=now)
+                self._store[ip] = rec
+            if now - rec.window_start > self._window:
+                rec.failures = 0
+                rec.window_start = now
+            rec.failures += 1
+            if rec.failures >= self._max:
+                rec.blocked_until = now + self._cooldown
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Login blocked for %s after %d failures", ip, rec.failures
+                )
+
+    def record_success(self, ip: str) -> None:
+        with self._lock:
+            self._store.pop(ip, None)

api/app/config.py

@@ -18,6 +18,10 @@ class Settings(BaseSettings):
     jwt_expiry_seconds: int = 86400
     owner_username: str
     owner_password: str
+    login_max_failures: int = 5
+    login_window_seconds: int = 300
+    login_cooldown_seconds: int = 900
+    login_trusted_proxy_ips: str = ""
 
 
 @lru_cache

api/app/database.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine, AsyncSession, async_sessionmaker
+from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import async_sessionmaker, create_async_engine
 from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase
 
 from app.config import get_settings

api/app/main.py

@@ -1,17 +1,30 @@
-from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
+import ipaddress
+from contextlib import asynccontextmanager, suppress
 
 from fastapi import FastAPI, Request
 from fastapi.exceptions import HTTPException
 from fastapi.responses import JSONResponse
 
+from app.auth.rate_limiter import LoginRateLimiter
 from app.config import get_settings
 from app.database import Base, get_engine
 
 
 @asynccontextmanager
 async def lifespan(application: FastAPI):
-    get_settings()
-    # Verify DB connection and run migrations on startup
+    settings = get_settings()
+    application.state.login_rate_limiter = LoginRateLimiter(
+        max_failures=settings.login_max_failures,
+        window_seconds=settings.login_window_seconds,
+        cooldown_seconds=settings.login_cooldown_seconds,
+    )
+    trusted_networks = []
+    for part in settings.login_trusted_proxy_ips.split(","):
+        part = part.strip()
+        if part:
+            with suppress(ValueError):
+                trusted_networks.append(ipaddress.ip_network(part, strict=False))
+    application.state.login_trusted_networks = trusted_networks
     engine = get_engine()
     async with engine.begin() as conn:
         # In production, Alembic handles migrations; this is a dev convenience
@@ -22,6 +35,10 @@ async def lifespan(application: FastAPI):
 
 app = FastAPI(title="Reactbin API", version="1.0.0", lifespan=lifespan)
 
+# Defaults so app.state is populated even when lifespan doesn't run (e.g. tests)
+app.state.login_rate_limiter = LoginRateLimiter()
+app.state.login_trusted_networks = []
+
 
 @app.exception_handler(HTTPException)
 async def http_exception_handler(request: Request, exc: HTTPException):

api/app/models.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import uuid
-from datetime import datetime, timezone
+from datetime import UTC, datetime
 
-from sqlalchemy import String, Integer, BigInteger, DateTime, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
+from sqlalchemy import BigInteger, DateTime, ForeignKey, Index, Integer, String, UniqueConstraint
 from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import UUID
 from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapped, mapped_column, relationship
 
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ from app.database import Base
 
 
 def _utcnow() -> datetime:
-    return datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+    return datetime.now(UTC)
 
 
 class Image(Base):
@@ -24,9 +24,13 @@ class Image(Base):
     height: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(Integer, nullable=False)
     storage_key: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(64), nullable=False)
     thumbnail_key: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(String(70), nullable=True, default=None)
-    created_at: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(DateTime(timezone=True), default=_utcnow, nullable=False)
+    created_at: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(
+        DateTime(timezone=True), default=_utcnow, nullable=False
+    )
 
-    image_tags: Mapped[list["ImageTag"]] = relationship(back_populates="image", cascade="all, delete-orphan")
+    image_tags: Mapped[list["ImageTag"]] = relationship(
+        back_populates="image", cascade="all, delete-orphan"
+    )
 
     @property
     def tags(self) -> list[str]:
@@ -38,7 +42,9 @@ class Tag(Base):
 
     id: Mapped[uuid.UUID] = mapped_column(UUID(as_uuid=True), primary_key=True, default=uuid.uuid4)
     name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False, index=True)
-    created_at: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(DateTime(timezone=True), default=_utcnow, nullable=False)
+    created_at: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(
+        DateTime(timezone=True), default=_utcnow, nullable=False
+    )
 
     image_tags: Mapped[list["ImageTag"]] = relationship(back_populates="tag")
 

api/app/repositories/image_repo.py

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import uuid
-from typing import Optional
 
 from sqlalchemy import select
 from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
@@ -12,15 +11,19 @@ class ImageRepository:
     def __init__(self, session: AsyncSession) -> None:
         self._session = session
 
-    async def get_by_hash(self, hash_hex: str) -> Optional[Image]:
+    async def get_by_hash(self, hash_hex: str) -> Image | None:
         result = await self._session.execute(
-            select(Image).where(Image.hash == hash_hex).options(selectinload(Image.image_tags).selectinload(ImageTag.tag))
+            select(Image)
+            .where(Image.hash == hash_hex)
+            .options(selectinload(Image.image_tags).selectinload(ImageTag.tag))
         )
         return result.scalar_one_or_none()
 
-    async def get_by_id(self, image_id: uuid.UUID) -> Optional[Image]:
+    async def get_by_id(self, image_id: uuid.UUID) -> Image | None:
         result = await self._session.execute(
-            select(Image).where(Image.id == image_id).options(selectinload(Image.image_tags).selectinload(ImageTag.tag))
+            select(Image)
+            .where(Image.id == image_id)
+            .options(selectinload(Image.image_tags).selectinload(ImageTag.tag))
         )
         return result.scalar_one_or_none()
 
@@ -57,7 +60,7 @@ class ImageRepository:
         limit: int = 50,
         offset: int = 0,
     ) -> tuple[list[Image], int]:
-        from sqlalchemy import func, and_
+        from sqlalchemy import func
 
         base_query = select(Image).options(
             selectinload(Image.image_tags).selectinload(ImageTag.tag)

api/app/repositories/tag_repo.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import re
 import uuid
 
-from sqlalchemy import select, func
+from sqlalchemy import func, select
 from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
 
 from app.models import Image, ImageTag, Tag
@@ -76,6 +76,8 @@ class TagRepository:
         prefix: str | None = None,
         limit: int = 100,
         offset: int = 0,
+        sort: str = "name",
+        min_count: int = 0,
     ) -> tuple[list[dict], int]:
         count_subq = (
             select(func.count(ImageTag.image_id))
@@ -87,12 +89,16 @@ class TagRepository:
         query = select(Tag, count_subq.label("image_count"))
         if prefix:
             query = query.where(Tag.name.like(f"{prefix}%"))
+        if min_count > 0:
+            query = query.where(count_subq >= min_count)
 
         total_query = select(func.count()).select_from(query.subquery())
         total_result = await self._session.execute(total_query)
         total = total_result.scalar_one()
 
-        paginated = query.order_by(Tag.name).limit(limit).offset(offset)
+        order = [count_subq.desc(), Tag.name.asc()] if sort == "count_desc" else [Tag.name.asc()]
+
+        paginated = query.order_by(*order).limit(limit).offset(offset)
         rows = await self._session.execute(paginated)
 
         items = [

api/app/routers/auth.py

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
-from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends, HTTPException
+from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends, HTTPException, Request
+from fastapi.responses import JSONResponse
 from pydantic import BaseModel
 
 from app.auth.jwt_provider import JWTAuthProvider
+from app.auth.rate_limiter import LoginRateLimiter, get_client_ip
 from app.dependencies import get_jwt_auth
 
 router = APIRouter(tags=["auth"])
@@ -19,12 +21,32 @@ class TokenResponse(BaseModel):
 
 
 @router.post("/auth/token", response_model=TokenResponse)
-async def login(body: LoginRequest, auth: JWTAuthProvider = Depends(get_jwt_auth)):
+async def login(
+    request: Request,
+    body: LoginRequest,
+    auth: JWTAuthProvider = Depends(get_jwt_auth),
+):
+    limiter: LoginRateLimiter = request.app.state.login_rate_limiter
+    ip: str = get_client_ip(request, request.app.state.login_trusted_networks)
+
+    if limiter.is_blocked(ip):
+        return JSONResponse(
+            status_code=429,
+            content={
+                "detail": "Too many failed login attempts. Please try again later.",
+                "code": "login_rate_limited",
+            },
+            headers={"Retry-After": str(limiter.cooldown_seconds)},
+        )
+
     if not auth.verify_credentials(body.username, body.password):
+        limiter.record_failure(ip)
         raise HTTPException(
             status_code=401,
             detail={"detail": "Invalid credentials", "code": "invalid_credentials"},
         )
+
+    limiter.record_success(ip)
     token = auth.create_token()
     return TokenResponse(
         access_token=token,

api/app/routers/tags.py

@@ -12,9 +12,13 @@ async def list_tags(
     q: str | None = None,
     limit: int = 100,
     offset: int = 0,
+    sort: str = "name",
+    min_count: int = 0,
     db: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
 ):
-    limit = min(limit, 200)
+    limit = min(limit, 500)
     tag_repo = TagRepository(db)
-    items, total = await tag_repo.list_tags(prefix=q, limit=limit, offset=offset)
+    items, total = await tag_repo.list_tags(
+        prefix=q, limit=limit, offset=offset, sort=sort, min_count=min_count
+    )
     return {"items": items, "total": total, "limit": limit, "offset": offset}

api/tests/build/verify_production_image.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# TDD verification script for api/Dockerfile.prod
+# Fails (red) if Dockerfile.prod does not exist or any check fails.
+set -euo pipefail
+
+IMAGE="reactbin-api-prod:verify-$$"
+IMAGE2="reactbin-api-prod:verify-cache-$$"
+PG_CONTAINER=""
+APP_CONTAINER=""
+
+cleanup() {
+    [ -n "$APP_CONTAINER" ] && docker rm -f "$APP_CONTAINER" 2>/dev/null || true
+    [ -n "$PG_CONTAINER" ] && docker rm -f "$PG_CONTAINER" 2>/dev/null || true
+    docker rmi "$IMAGE" 2>/dev/null || true
+    docker rmi "$IMAGE2" 2>/dev/null || true
+}
+trap cleanup EXIT
+
+# ── US1 check 1: build ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+echo "[verify] Building $IMAGE..."
+docker build -f api/Dockerfile.prod api/ -t "$IMAGE"
+echo "[verify] Build OK"
+
+# ── US1 check 2: start with a throwaway postgres ──────────────────────────────
+echo "[verify] Starting postgres..."
+PG_CONTAINER=$(docker run -d \
+    -e POSTGRES_DB=reactbin_verify \
+    -e POSTGRES_USER=verify \
+    -e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=verify \
+    postgres:16-alpine)
+
+for i in $(seq 1 30); do
+    if docker exec "$PG_CONTAINER" pg_isready -U verify -q 2>/dev/null; then break; fi
+    sleep 1
+    if [[ $i -eq 30 ]]; then echo "FAIL: postgres did not become ready"; exit 1; fi
+done
+
+PG_IP=$(docker inspect -f '{{range.NetworkSettings.Networks}}{{.IPAddress}}{{end}}' "$PG_CONTAINER")
+
+echo "[verify] Starting production container..."
+APP_CONTAINER=$(docker run -d \
+    -p 18000:8000 \
+    -e JWT_SECRET_KEY=verify-key \
+    -e OWNER_USERNAME=testowner \
+    -e OWNER_PASSWORD=testpassword \
+    -e DATABASE_URL="postgresql+asyncpg://verify:verify@${PG_IP}:5432/reactbin_verify" \
+    -e S3_ENDPOINT_URL=http://noop:9000 \
+    -e S3_BUCKET_NAME=noop \
+    -e S3_ACCESS_KEY_ID=noop \
+    -e S3_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=noop \
+    -e S3_REGION=us-east-1 \
+    "$IMAGE")
+
+# ── US1 check 3: health endpoint ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+echo "[verify] Polling health endpoint..."
+for i in $(seq 1 30); do
+    if curl -sf http://localhost:18000/api/v1/health > /dev/null; then break; fi
+    sleep 1
+    if [[ $i -eq 30 ]]; then echo "FAIL: health check timed out after 30s"; exit 1; fi
+done
+echo "[verify] Health check passed"
+
+# ── US2 check 1: non-root user ────────────────────────────────────────────────
+UID_IN_CONTAINER=$(docker exec "$APP_CONTAINER" id -u)
+if [[ "$UID_IN_CONTAINER" -eq 0 ]]; then
+    echo "FAIL: process running as root (UID 0)"; exit 1
+fi
+echo "[verify] Non-root user OK (UID $UID_IN_CONTAINER)"
+
+# ── C1: stdout/stderr log capture ────────────────────────────────────────────
+LOGS=$(docker logs "$APP_CONTAINER" 2>&1)
+if [[ -z "$LOGS" ]]; then
+    echo "FAIL: no output on stdout/stderr"; exit 1
+fi
+if ! echo "$LOGS" | grep -qiE "(started server|application startup complete|uvicorn)"; then
+    echo "FAIL: no startup logs found on stdout/stderr"; exit 1
+fi
+echo "[verify] Stdout logging OK"
+
+# ── US1 check 4: SIGTERM → exit 0 ────────────────────────────────────────────
+docker stop "$APP_CONTAINER" > /dev/null
+EXIT_CODE=$(docker wait "$APP_CONTAINER")
+if [[ "$EXIT_CODE" -ne 0 ]]; then
+    echo "FAIL: non-zero exit code $EXIT_CODE after SIGTERM"; exit 1
+fi
+echo "[verify] Graceful shutdown OK (exit $EXIT_CODE)"
+
+# ── US2 check 2: dev deps absent ─────────────────────────────────────────────
+if docker run --rm "$IMAGE" /app/.venv/bin/python -c "import pytest" 2>/dev/null; then
+    echo "FAIL: pytest importable in production image (dev deps present)"; exit 1
+fi
+echo "[verify] Dev deps absent OK"
+
+# ── C2: no hardcoded secrets in image layers ─────────────────────────────────
+if docker history --no-trunc "$IMAGE" 2>&1 | grep -qiE "(password|secret_key|api_key|token)"; then
+    echo "FAIL: potential secret found in image history"; exit 1
+fi
+echo "[verify] No secrets in image layers OK"
+
+# ── C3: missing env var → non-zero exit ──────────────────────────────────────
+set +e
+docker run --rm -e JWT_SECRET_KEY=verify-key "$IMAGE" 2>/dev/null
+MISSING_ENV_EXIT=$?
+set -e
+if [[ "$MISSING_ENV_EXIT" -eq 0 ]]; then
+    echo "FAIL: container exited 0 despite missing OWNER_USERNAME"; exit 1
+fi
+echo "[verify] Missing-env-var exit check OK (exit $MISSING_ENV_EXIT)"
+
+# ── US3: dep layer cached on source-only rebuild ──────────────────────────────
+echo "[verify] Testing cache hit on source-only rebuild..."
+touch api/app/main.py
+BUILD2_OUTPUT=$(docker build --progress=plain -f api/Dockerfile.prod api/ -t "$IMAGE2" 2>&1)
+if ! echo "$BUILD2_OUTPUT" | grep -q "CACHED"; then
+    echo "FAIL: dependency layer not reused on source-only rebuild"; exit 1
+fi
+echo "[verify] Dep layer cache hit confirmed (US3 OK)"
+
+echo "[verify] All checks passed (US1 + US2 + US3)."

api/tests/integration/conftest.py

@@ -1,19 +1,20 @@
 import os
+
 import pytest
 import pytest_asyncio
-from httpx import AsyncClient, ASGITransport
-from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine, AsyncSession, async_sessionmaker
+from httpx import ASGITransport, AsyncClient
+from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import async_sessionmaker, create_async_engine
 
 # Provide required settings for the test environment before any app imports resolve them
 os.environ.setdefault("JWT_SECRET_KEY", "test-secret-key-for-testing-only")
 os.environ.setdefault("OWNER_USERNAME", "testowner")
 os.environ.setdefault("OWNER_PASSWORD", "testpassword")
 
-from app.main import app
-from app.config import get_settings
-from app.database import Base
-from app.dependencies import get_db, get_storage, get_auth
-from app.auth.jwt_provider import JWTAuthProvider
+from app.auth.jwt_provider import JWTAuthProvider  # noqa: E402
+from app.config import get_settings  # noqa: E402
+from app.database import Base  # noqa: E402
+from app.dependencies import get_auth, get_db, get_storage  # noqa: E402
+from app.main import app  # noqa: E402
 
 # Bust the LRU cache so get_settings() picks up the env vars set above
 get_settings.cache_clear()
@@ -26,8 +27,6 @@ _TEST_OWNER_PASSWORD = os.environ["OWNER_PASSWORD"]
 @pytest_asyncio.fixture(scope="session", loop_scope="session")
 async def engine():
     settings = get_settings()
-    # Use a separate test database URL if TEST_DATABASE_URL is set
-    import os
     db_url = os.getenv("TEST_DATABASE_URL", settings.database_url)
     eng = create_async_engine(db_url, echo=False)
     async with eng.begin() as conn:
@@ -48,8 +47,8 @@ async def db_session(engine):
 
 @pytest_asyncio.fixture
 async def client(db_session):
-    from app.storage.s3_backend import S3StorageBackend
     from app.auth.noop import NoOpAuthProvider
+    from app.storage.s3_backend import S3StorageBackend
 
     storage = S3StorageBackend()
     auth = NoOpAuthProvider()
@@ -108,3 +107,15 @@ async def authed_client(db_session, jwt_auth_provider):
         yield c, valid_token
 
     app.dependency_overrides.clear()
+
+
+def pytest_configure(config):
+    db_url = os.getenv("TEST_DATABASE_URL") or os.getenv("DATABASE_URL", "")
+    if not db_url.startswith("postgresql+asyncpg://"):
+        pytest.exit(
+            "Integration tests require a PostgreSQL database "
+            "(postgresql+asyncpg://...). "
+            "Set TEST_DATABASE_URL or DATABASE_URL accordingly. "
+            f"Got: {db_url!r}",
+            returncode=1,
+        )

api/tests/integration/test_delete.py

@@ -19,15 +19,18 @@ def _minimal_jpeg_v2() -> bytes:
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_delete_removes_record(client):
+async def test_delete_removes_record(authed_client):
+    client, token = authed_client
+    headers = {"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"}
     data = _minimal_jpeg_v2()
     upload = await client.post(
         "/api/v1/images",
         files={"file": ("del-test.jpg", io.BytesIO(data), "image/jpeg")},
+        headers=headers,
     )
     image_id = upload.json()["id"]
 
-    delete_resp = await client.delete(f"/api/v1/images/{image_id}")
+    delete_resp = await client.delete(f"/api/v1/images/{image_id}", headers=headers)
     assert delete_resp.status_code == 204
 
     get_resp = await client.get(f"/api/v1/images/{image_id}")
@@ -36,17 +39,19 @@ async def test_delete_removes_record(client):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_delete_removes_storage_object(client):
+async def test_delete_removes_storage_object(authed_client):
+    client, token = authed_client
+    headers = {"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"}
     data = _minimal_jpeg_v2() + b"\x00"
     upload = await client.post(
         "/api/v1/images",
         files={"file": ("del-storage-test.jpg", io.BytesIO(data), "image/jpeg")},
+        headers=headers,
     )
     assert upload.status_code in (200, 201)
     image_id = upload.json()["id"]
-    storage_key = upload.json()["hash"]
 
-    delete_resp = await client.delete(f"/api/v1/images/{image_id}")
+    delete_resp = await client.delete(f"/api/v1/images/{image_id}", headers=headers)
     assert delete_resp.status_code == 204
 
     # Confirm storage redirect no longer works (404 since record is gone)
@@ -55,15 +60,21 @@ async def test_delete_removes_storage_object(client):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_delete_unknown_id_returns_404(client):
-    response = await client.delete(f"/api/v1/images/{uuid.uuid4()}")
+async def test_delete_unknown_id_returns_404(authed_client):
+    client, token = authed_client
+    response = await client.delete(
+        f"/api/v1/images/{uuid.uuid4()}",
+        headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"},
+    )
     assert response.status_code == 404
     body = response.json()
     assert body["code"] == "image_not_found"
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_delete_removes_thumbnail(client):
+async def test_delete_removes_thumbnail(authed_client):
+    client, token = authed_client
+    headers = {"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"}
     buf = io.BytesIO()
     PILImage.new("RGB", (200, 150), color=(60, 90, 120)).save(buf, format="JPEG")
     data = buf.getvalue()
@@ -71,12 +82,13 @@ async def test_delete_removes_thumbnail(client):
     upload = await client.post(
         "/api/v1/images",
         files={"file": ("thumb-del.jpg", io.BytesIO(data), "image/jpeg")},
+        headers=headers,
     )
     assert upload.status_code == 201
     image_id = upload.json()["id"]
     assert upload.json()["thumbnail_key"] is not None
 
-    delete_resp = await client.delete(f"/api/v1/images/{image_id}")
+    delete_resp = await client.delete(f"/api/v1/images/{image_id}", headers=headers)
     assert delete_resp.status_code == 204
 
     thumb_resp = await client.get(f"/api/v1/images/{image_id}/thumbnail")

api/tests/integration/test_login_rate_limit.py

@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+import os
+
+import pytest
+from httpx import AsyncClient
+
+from app.auth.rate_limiter import LoginRateLimiter
+from app.main import app
+
+BAD_CREDS = {"username": "attacker", "password": "wrong"}
+VALID_CREDS = {
+    "username": os.environ.get("OWNER_USERNAME", "testowner"),
+    "password": os.environ.get("OWNER_PASSWORD", "testpassword"),
+}
+
+
+def _fresh_limiter():
+    return LoginRateLimiter(max_failures=3, window_seconds=60, cooldown_seconds=30)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_repeated_failures_trigger_429(client: AsyncClient):
+    original_limiter = app.state.login_rate_limiter
+    original_networks = app.state.login_trusted_networks
+    app.state.login_rate_limiter = _fresh_limiter()
+    app.state.login_trusted_networks = []
+    try:
+        for _ in range(3):
+            await client.post("/api/v1/auth/token", json=BAD_CREDS)
+        resp = await client.post("/api/v1/auth/token", json=BAD_CREDS)
+        assert resp.status_code == 429
+        assert resp.json()["code"] == "login_rate_limited"
+    finally:
+        app.state.login_rate_limiter = original_limiter
+        app.state.login_trusted_networks = original_networks
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_success_resets_counter(client: AsyncClient):
+    original_limiter = app.state.login_rate_limiter
+    original_networks = app.state.login_trusted_networks
+    app.state.login_rate_limiter = _fresh_limiter()
+    app.state.login_trusted_networks = []
+    try:
+        for _ in range(2):
+            await client.post("/api/v1/auth/token", json=BAD_CREDS)
+        await client.post("/api/v1/auth/token", json=VALID_CREDS)
+        for _ in range(3):
+            resp = await client.post("/api/v1/auth/token", json=BAD_CREDS)
+            assert resp.status_code == 401, "counter should have reset after success"
+    finally:
+        app.state.login_rate_limiter = original_limiter
+        app.state.login_trusted_networks = original_networks
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_429_has_retry_after_header(client: AsyncClient):
+    original_limiter = app.state.login_rate_limiter
+    original_networks = app.state.login_trusted_networks
+    app.state.login_rate_limiter = _fresh_limiter()
+    app.state.login_trusted_networks = []
+    try:
+        for _ in range(3):
+            await client.post("/api/v1/auth/token", json=BAD_CREDS)
+        resp = await client.post("/api/v1/auth/token", json=BAD_CREDS)
+        assert resp.status_code == 429
+        assert "Retry-After" in resp.headers
+        assert int(resp.headers["Retry-After"]) > 0
+    finally:
+        app.state.login_rate_limiter = original_limiter
+        app.state.login_trusted_networks = original_networks
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_429_body_shape(client: AsyncClient):
+    original_limiter = app.state.login_rate_limiter
+    original_networks = app.state.login_trusted_networks
+    app.state.login_rate_limiter = _fresh_limiter()
+    app.state.login_trusted_networks = []
+    try:
+        for _ in range(3):
+            await client.post("/api/v1/auth/token", json=BAD_CREDS)
+        resp = await client.post("/api/v1/auth/token", json=BAD_CREDS)
+        assert resp.status_code == 429
+        assert resp.json() == {
+            "detail": "Too many failed login attempts. Please try again later.",
+            "code": "login_rate_limited",
+        }
+    finally:
+        app.state.login_rate_limiter = original_limiter
+        app.state.login_trusted_networks = original_networks
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_xff_header_ignored_when_no_trusted_networks(client: AsyncClient):
+    original_limiter = app.state.login_rate_limiter
+    original_networks = app.state.login_trusted_networks
+    app.state.login_rate_limiter = _fresh_limiter()
+    app.state.login_trusted_networks = []
+    try:
+        # Send 3 failures all claiming to be "1.2.3.4" via XFF
+        for _ in range(3):
+            await client.post(
+                "/api/v1/auth/token",
+                json=BAD_CREDS,
+                headers={"X-Forwarded-For": "1.2.3.4"},
+            )
+        # 4th request with a *different* XFF — if XFF were trusted, this
+        # would appear to be a fresh IP and get 401. Since XFF is ignored,
+        # the real peer ("testclient") is blocked and we get 429.
+        resp = await client.post(
+            "/api/v1/auth/token",
+            json=BAD_CREDS,
+            headers={"X-Forwarded-For": "9.9.9.9"},
+        )
+        assert resp.status_code == 429, (
+            "XFF should be ignored when no trusted networks are configured; "
+            "expected real peer to be blocked"
+        )
+    finally:
+        app.state.login_rate_limiter = original_limiter
+        app.state.login_trusted_networks = original_networks

api/tests/integration/test_public_access.py

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ US3 regression tests: all read endpoints must remain accessible without a token
 even after require_auth is applied to write endpoints.
 """
 import io
-import uuid
 
 import pytest
 

api/tests/integration/test_search.py

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ T041 — GET /api/v1/images?tags=cat,funny → only images with both tags
 T042 — same query excludes images with only one matching tag
 """
 import io
+
 import pytest
 
 
@@ -15,7 +16,9 @@ def _minimal_gif() -> bytes:
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_and_filter_returns_only_matching_images(client):
+async def test_and_filter_returns_only_matching_images(authed_client):
+    client, token = authed_client
+    headers = {"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"}
     data = _minimal_gif()
 
     # Image with both tags
@@ -23,6 +26,7 @@ async def test_and_filter_returns_only_matching_images(client):
         "/api/v1/images",
         files={"file": ("both.gif", io.BytesIO(data), "image/gif")},
         data={"tags": "andcat,andfunny"},
+        headers=headers,
     )
     both_id = r_both.json()["id"]
 
@@ -31,6 +35,7 @@ async def test_and_filter_returns_only_matching_images(client):
         "/api/v1/images",
         files={"file": ("one.gif", io.BytesIO(data + b"\x00"), "image/gif")},
         data={"tags": "andcat"},
+        headers=headers,
     )
 
     response = await client.get("/api/v1/images?tags=andcat,andfunny")
@@ -42,7 +47,9 @@ async def test_and_filter_returns_only_matching_images(client):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_filter_excludes_partial_tag_match(client):
+async def test_filter_excludes_partial_tag_match(authed_client):
+    client, token = authed_client
+    headers = {"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"}
     data = _minimal_gif()
 
     # Image with only "exclcat"
@@ -50,6 +57,7 @@ async def test_filter_excludes_partial_tag_match(client):
         "/api/v1/images",
         files={"file": ("partial.gif", io.BytesIO(data + b"\x01"), "image/gif")},
         data={"tags": "exclcat"},
+        headers=headers,
     )
 
     # Filter requires both exclcat and exclother

api/tests/integration/test_serving.py

@@ -29,11 +29,13 @@ def _minimal_webp() -> bytes:
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_file_returns_200_with_content(client):
+async def test_file_returns_200_with_content(authed_client):
+    client, token = authed_client
     data = _minimal_webp()
     upload = await client.post(
         "/api/v1/images",
         files={"file": ("img.webp", io.BytesIO(data), "image/webp")},
+        headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"},
     )
     assert upload.status_code in (200, 201)
     upload_body = upload.json()
@@ -57,11 +59,13 @@ async def test_file_unknown_id_returns_404(client):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_file_response_exposes_no_storage_details(client):
+async def test_file_response_exposes_no_storage_details(authed_client):
+    client, token = authed_client
     data = _minimal_webp()
     upload = await client.post(
         "/api/v1/images",
         files={"file": ("img.webp", io.BytesIO(data), "image/webp")},
+        headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"},
     )
     assert upload.status_code in (200, 201)
     image_id = upload.json()["id"]
@@ -75,11 +79,13 @@ async def test_file_response_exposes_no_storage_details(client):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_thumbnail_returns_webp(client):
+async def test_thumbnail_returns_webp(authed_client):
+    client, token = authed_client
     data = _real_jpeg()
     upload = await client.post(
         "/api/v1/images",
         files={"file": ("t.jpg", io.BytesIO(data), "image/jpeg")},
+        headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"},
     )
     assert upload.status_code == 201
     body = upload.json()
@@ -95,11 +101,13 @@ async def test_thumbnail_returns_webp(client):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_thumbnail_fallback_returns_original(client, db_session):
+async def test_thumbnail_fallback_returns_original(authed_client, db_session):
+    client, token = authed_client
     data = _real_jpeg()
     upload = await client.post(
         "/api/v1/images",
         files={"file": ("fallback.jpg", io.BytesIO(data), "image/jpeg")},
+        headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"},
     )
     assert upload.status_code == 201
     image_id = upload.json()["id"]

api/tests/integration/test_tags.py

@@ -5,13 +5,17 @@ T057 — PATCH replaces tags, old tags unlinked, new tags upserted
 T058 — PATCH with invalid tag → 422 invalid_tag
 T073 — GET /api/v1/tags returns all tags alphabetically with correct image_count
 T074 — GET /api/v1/tags?q=ca returns only tags prefixed "ca"
+T001 — GET /api/v1/tags?sort=count_desc returns tags ordered highest-count-first
+T002 — GET /api/v1/tags?min_count=N excludes tags with image_count < N
 """
 import io
+
 import pytest
 
 
 def _minimal_png() -> bytes:
-    import struct, zlib
+    import struct
+    import zlib
     def chunk(name: bytes, data: bytes) -> bytes:
         c = name + data
         return struct.pack(">I", len(data)) + c + struct.pack(">I", zlib.crc32(c) & 0xFFFFFFFF)
@@ -27,12 +31,14 @@ def _minimal_png() -> bytes:
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_upload_with_tags_persists_tags(client):
+async def test_upload_with_tags_persists_tags(authed_client):
+    client, token = authed_client
     data = _minimal_png()
     response = await client.post(
         "/api/v1/images",
         files={"file": ("img.png", io.BytesIO(data), "image/png")},
         data={"tags": "cat,funny"},
+        headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"},
     )
     assert response.status_code == 201
     body = response.json()
@@ -40,12 +46,15 @@ async def test_upload_with_tags_persists_tags(client):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_duplicate_upload_tags_unchanged(client):
+async def test_duplicate_upload_tags_unchanged(authed_client):
+    client, token = authed_client
+    headers = {"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"}
     data = _minimal_png()
     r1 = await client.post(
         "/api/v1/images",
         files={"file": ("img.png", io.BytesIO(data), "image/png")},
         data={"tags": "original-tag"},
+        headers=headers,
     )
     assert r1.status_code in (200, 201)
     original_tags = set(r1.json()["tags"])
@@ -54,6 +63,7 @@ async def test_duplicate_upload_tags_unchanged(client):
         "/api/v1/images",
         files={"file": ("img.png", io.BytesIO(data), "image/png")},
         data={"tags": "different-tag"},
+        headers=headers,
     )
     assert r2.status_code == 200
     assert r2.json()["duplicate"] is True
@@ -61,18 +71,22 @@ async def test_duplicate_upload_tags_unchanged(client):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_patch_replaces_tag_set(client):
+async def test_patch_replaces_tag_set(authed_client):
+    client, token = authed_client
+    headers = {"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"}
     data = _minimal_png()
     r1 = await client.post(
         "/api/v1/images",
         files={"file": ("patch-test.png", io.BytesIO(data), "image/png")},
         data={"tags": "old-tag"},
+        headers=headers,
     )
     image_id = r1.json()["id"]
 
     patch = await client.patch(
         f"/api/v1/images/{image_id}/tags",
         json={"tags": ["new-tag", "another"]},
+        headers=headers,
     )
     assert patch.status_code == 200
     body = patch.json()
@@ -81,17 +95,21 @@ async def test_patch_replaces_tag_set(client):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_patch_invalid_tag_returns_422(client):
+async def test_patch_invalid_tag_returns_422(authed_client):
+    client, token = authed_client
+    headers = {"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"}
     data = _minimal_png()
     r1 = await client.post(
         "/api/v1/images",
         files={"file": ("invalid-tag-test.png", io.BytesIO(data), "image/png")},
+        headers=headers,
     )
     image_id = r1.json()["id"]
 
     patch = await client.patch(
         f"/api/v1/images/{image_id}/tags",
         json={"tags": ["valid", "INVALID TAG WITH SPACES!"]},
+        headers=headers,
     )
     assert patch.status_code == 422
     body = patch.json()
@@ -99,12 +117,14 @@ async def test_patch_invalid_tag_returns_422(client):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_list_tags_alphabetical_with_counts(client):
+async def test_list_tags_alphabetical_with_counts(authed_client):
+    client, token = authed_client
     data = _minimal_png()
     await client.post(
         "/api/v1/images",
         files={"file": ("tag-list-test.png", io.BytesIO(data), "image/png")},
         data={"tags": "zebra,apple"},
+        headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"},
     )
     response = await client.get("/api/v1/tags")
     assert response.status_code == 200
@@ -117,12 +137,14 @@ async def test_list_tags_alphabetical_with_counts(client):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_list_tags_prefix_filter(client):
+async def test_list_tags_prefix_filter(authed_client):
+    client, token = authed_client
     data = _minimal_png()
     await client.post(
         "/api/v1/images",
         files={"file": ("prefix-test.png", io.BytesIO(data), "image/png")},
         data={"tags": "cat,catfish,caterpillar,dog"},
+        headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"},
     )
     response = await client.get("/api/v1/tags?q=cat")
     assert response.status_code == 200
@@ -130,3 +152,70 @@ async def test_list_tags_prefix_filter(client):
     for item in body["items"]:
         assert item["name"].startswith("cat")
     assert not any(item["name"] == "dog" for item in body["items"])
+
+
+def _unique_png(seed: int) -> bytes:
+    """Generate a 1x1 PNG with a seed-determined pixel so each seed produces a distinct hash."""
+    import struct
+    import zlib
+    def chunk(name: bytes, data: bytes) -> bytes:
+        c = name + data
+        return struct.pack(">I", len(data)) + c + struct.pack(">I", zlib.crc32(c) & 0xFFFFFFFF)
+    ihdr = struct.pack(">IIBBBBB", 1, 1, 8, 2, 0, 0, 0)
+    r, g, b = (seed * 37) % 256, (seed * 53) % 256, (seed * 71) % 256
+    idat_data = zlib.compress(bytes([0, r, g, b]))
+    return (
+        b"\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n"
+        + chunk(b"IHDR", ihdr)
+        + chunk(b"IDAT", idat_data)
+        + chunk(b"IEND", b"")
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_list_tags_sort_count_desc(authed_client):
+    client, token = authed_client
+    headers = {"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"}
+    # popular-sort-tag appears on 2 images, rare-sort-tag on 1 — verify count_desc ordering
+    for seed in (100, 101):
+        await client.post(
+            "/api/v1/images",
+            files={"file": (f"sort-{seed}.png", io.BytesIO(_unique_png(seed)), "image/png")},
+            data={"tags": "popular-sort-tag,rare-sort-tag" if seed == 100 else "popular-sort-tag"},
+            headers=headers,
+        )
+    response = await client.get("/api/v1/tags?sort=count_desc")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    items = response.json()["items"]
+    sort_items = [i for i in items if i["name"] in ("popular-sort-tag", "rare-sort-tag")]
+    assert len(sort_items) == 2
+    # popular-sort-tag (count=2) must come before rare-sort-tag (count=1)
+    names = [i["name"] for i in sort_items]
+    assert names.index("popular-sort-tag") < names.index("rare-sort-tag")
+    # Counts must be non-increasing
+    counts = [i["image_count"] for i in items]
+    assert counts == sorted(counts, reverse=True)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_list_tags_min_count_excludes_below_threshold(authed_client):
+    client, token = authed_client
+    headers = {"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"}
+    # common-min-tag appears on 2 images, uncommon-min-tag on 1
+    for seed in (200, 201):
+        await client.post(
+            "/api/v1/images",
+            files={"file": (f"min-{seed}.png", io.BytesIO(_unique_png(seed)), "image/png")},
+            data={"tags": "common-min-tag,uncommon-min-tag" if seed == 200 else "common-min-tag"},
+            headers=headers,
+        )
+    # min_count=2 should exclude uncommon-min-tag (count=1) but keep common-min-tag (count=2)
+    response = await client.get("/api/v1/tags?min_count=2")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    items = response.json()["items"]
+    names = [i["name"] for i in items]
+    assert "common-min-tag" in names
+    assert "uncommon-min-tag" not in names
+    # All returned tags must have image_count >= 2
+    for item in items:
+        assert item["image_count"] >= 2

api/tests/integration/test_upload.py

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ T029 — file > MAX_UPLOAD_BYTES → 422 file_too_large
 T079 — GET /api/v1/images/{id} 404 → error envelope shape
 """
 import io
+import uuid
 from unittest.mock import patch
 
 import pytest
@@ -27,11 +28,13 @@ def _minimal_jpeg() -> bytes:
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_upload_new_image_returns_201(client):
+async def test_upload_new_image_returns_201(authed_client):
+    client, token = authed_client
     data = _minimal_jpeg()
     response = await client.post(
         "/api/v1/images",
         files={"file": ("test.jpg", io.BytesIO(data), "image/jpeg")},
+        headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"},
     )
     assert response.status_code == 201
     body = response.json()
@@ -44,12 +47,15 @@ async def test_upload_new_image_returns_201(client):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_upload_duplicate_returns_200_with_flag(client):
+async def test_upload_duplicate_returns_200_with_flag(authed_client):
+    client, token = authed_client
     data = _minimal_jpeg()
+    headers = {"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"}
     # First upload
     r1 = await client.post(
         "/api/v1/images",
         files={"file": ("test.jpg", io.BytesIO(data), "image/jpeg")},
+        headers=headers,
     )
     assert r1.status_code in (200, 201)
 
@@ -57,6 +63,7 @@ async def test_upload_duplicate_returns_200_with_flag(client):
     r2 = await client.post(
         "/api/v1/images",
         files={"file": ("test.jpg", io.BytesIO(data), "image/jpeg")},
+        headers=headers,
     )
     assert r2.status_code == 200
     body = r2.json()
@@ -65,10 +72,12 @@ async def test_upload_duplicate_returns_200_with_flag(client):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_upload_invalid_mime_type_returns_422(client):
+async def test_upload_invalid_mime_type_returns_422(authed_client):
+    client, token = authed_client
     response = await client.post(
         "/api/v1/images",
         files={"file": ("doc.pdf", io.BytesIO(b"%PDF-1.4"), "application/pdf")},
+        headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"},
     )
     assert response.status_code == 422
     body = response.json()
@@ -77,10 +86,12 @@ async def test_upload_invalid_mime_type_returns_422(client):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_upload_oversized_file_returns_422(client):
+async def test_upload_oversized_file_returns_422(authed_client):
     import os
+
     from app.config import get_settings
 
+    client, token = authed_client
     os.environ["MAX_UPLOAD_BYTES"] = "10"
     get_settings.cache_clear()
 
@@ -88,6 +99,7 @@ async def test_upload_oversized_file_returns_422(client):
         response = await client.post(
             "/api/v1/images",
             files={"file": ("big.jpg", io.BytesIO(b"x" * 11), "image/jpeg")},
+            headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"},
         )
         assert response.status_code == 422
         body = response.json()
@@ -99,7 +111,6 @@ async def test_upload_oversized_file_returns_422(client):
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_get_unknown_image_returns_404_with_envelope(client):
-    import uuid
     response = await client.get(f"/api/v1/images/{uuid.uuid4()}")
     assert response.status_code == 404
     body = response.json()
@@ -108,11 +119,13 @@ async def test_get_unknown_image_returns_404_with_envelope(client):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_upload_returns_thumbnail_key(client):
+async def test_upload_returns_thumbnail_key(authed_client):
+    client, token = authed_client
     data = _real_jpeg(color=(100, 150, 200))
     response = await client.post(
         "/api/v1/images",
         files={"file": ("thumb_test.jpg", io.BytesIO(data), "image/jpeg")},
+        headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"},
     )
     assert response.status_code == 201
     body = response.json()
@@ -122,17 +135,21 @@ async def test_upload_returns_thumbnail_key(client):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_duplicate_upload_reuses_thumbnail_key(client):
+async def test_duplicate_upload_reuses_thumbnail_key(authed_client):
+    client, token = authed_client
+    headers = {"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"}
     data = _real_jpeg(color=(200, 100, 50))
     r1 = await client.post(
         "/api/v1/images",
         files={"file": ("dup.jpg", io.BytesIO(data), "image/jpeg")},
+        headers=headers,
     )
     assert r1.status_code in (200, 201)
 
     r2 = await client.post(
         "/api/v1/images",
         files={"file": ("dup.jpg", io.BytesIO(data), "image/jpeg")},
+        headers=headers,
     )
     assert r2.status_code == 200
 
@@ -143,12 +160,14 @@ async def test_duplicate_upload_reuses_thumbnail_key(client):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_upload_succeeds_when_thumbnail_fails(client):
+async def test_upload_succeeds_when_thumbnail_fails(authed_client):
+    client, token = authed_client
     data = _real_jpeg(color=(50, 200, 150))
     with patch("app.routers.images.generate_thumbnail", side_effect=RuntimeError("simulated")):
         response = await client.post(
             "/api/v1/images",
             files={"file": ("no_thumb.jpg", io.BytesIO(data), "image/jpeg")},
+            headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"},
         )
     assert response.status_code in (200, 201)
     body = response.json()

api/tests/unit/test_config.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-import os
-import pytest
 
 
 _BASE_ENV = {
@@ -26,6 +24,7 @@ def test_settings_load_from_env(monkeypatch):
 
     # Import inside test to pick up monkeypatched env
     import importlib
+
     import app.config as config_module
     importlib.reload(config_module)
 
@@ -42,6 +41,7 @@ def test_settings_max_upload_bytes_override(monkeypatch):
     _apply_env(monkeypatch, {"MAX_UPLOAD_BYTES": "10485760"})
 
     import importlib
+
     import app.config as config_module
     importlib.reload(config_module)
 
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ def test_settings_jwt_expiry_override(monkeypatch):
     _apply_env(monkeypatch, {"JWT_EXPIRY_SECONDS": "3600"})
 
     import importlib
+
     import app.config as config_module
     importlib.reload(config_module)
 

api/tests/unit/test_hashing.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import hashlib
+
 from app.utils import compute_sha256
 
 

api/tests/unit/test_jwt_auth.py

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-import time
-import pytest
 import jwt as pyjwt
+import pytest
 from fastapi import HTTPException
 
 from app.auth.jwt_provider import JWTAuthProvider

api/tests/unit/test_rate_limiter.py

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+import ipaddress
+from unittest.mock import MagicMock
+
+from starlette.requests import Request
+
+from app.auth.rate_limiter import LoginRateLimiter, get_client_ip
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# LoginRateLimiter tests
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+def make_limiter():
+    return LoginRateLimiter(max_failures=3, window_seconds=60, cooldown_seconds=300)
+
+
+def test_not_blocked_initially():
+    assert make_limiter().is_blocked("1.2.3.4") is False
+
+
+def test_blocked_after_threshold():
+    limiter = make_limiter()
+    for _ in range(3):
+        limiter.record_failure("1.2.3.4")
+    assert limiter.is_blocked("1.2.3.4") is True
+
+
+def test_success_clears_failures():
+    limiter = make_limiter()
+    limiter.record_failure("1.2.3.4")
+    limiter.record_failure("1.2.3.4")
+    limiter.record_success("1.2.3.4")
+    assert limiter.is_blocked("1.2.3.4") is False
+
+
+def test_ips_are_isolated():
+    limiter = make_limiter()
+    for _ in range(3):
+        limiter.record_failure("1.1.1.1")
+    assert limiter.is_blocked("2.2.2.2") is False
+
+
+def test_window_resets_after_expiry():
+    import time
+
+    limiter = LoginRateLimiter(max_failures=3, window_seconds=0, cooldown_seconds=300)
+    limiter.record_failure("1.2.3.4")
+    limiter.record_failure("1.2.3.4")
+    time.sleep(0.01)
+    limiter.record_failure("1.2.3.4")
+    # window expired — counter reset on third call, so failures = 1, not 3
+    assert limiter.is_blocked("1.2.3.4") is False
+
+
+def test_log_warning_on_lockout(caplog):
+    import logging
+
+    limiter = make_limiter()
+    with caplog.at_level(logging.WARNING, logger="app.auth.rate_limiter"):
+        for _ in range(3):
+            limiter.record_failure("5.6.7.8")
+    assert "Login blocked" in caplog.text
+    assert "5.6.7.8" in caplog.text
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# get_client_ip tests
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+def make_request(peer: str, headers: dict) -> MagicMock:
+    req = MagicMock(spec=Request)
+    req.client.host = peer
+    req.headers = headers
+    return req
+
+
+def test_get_client_ip_no_trusted_networks_returns_peer():
+    req = make_request("203.0.113.1", {"X-Forwarded-For": "10.0.0.1"})
+    assert get_client_ip(req, []) == "203.0.113.1"
+
+
+def test_get_client_ip_trusted_peer_uses_xff():
+    req = make_request("10.0.0.1", {"X-Forwarded-For": "203.0.113.5"})
+    nets = [ipaddress.ip_network("10.0.0.0/8")]
+    assert get_client_ip(req, nets) == "203.0.113.5"
+
+
+def test_get_client_ip_untrusted_peer_ignores_xff():
+    req = make_request("8.8.8.8", {"X-Forwarded-For": "203.0.113.5"})
+    nets = [ipaddress.ip_network("10.0.0.0/8")]
+    assert get_client_ip(req, nets) == "8.8.8.8"
+
+
+def test_get_client_ip_trusted_peer_falls_back_to_real_ip():
+    req = make_request("10.0.0.1", {"X-Real-IP": "203.0.113.9"})
+    nets = [ipaddress.ip_network("10.0.0.0/8")]
+    assert get_client_ip(req, nets) == "203.0.113.9"

api/tests/unit/test_tags.py

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ T037 — tag normalisation: uppercase → lowercase, whitespace stripped
 T038 — tag validation: rejects names > 64 chars, invalid chars
 """
 import pytest
+
 from app.repositories.tag_repo import TagRepository
 
 

api/tests/unit/test_validation.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import pytest
-from app.validation import validate_mime_type, validate_file_size, MimeTypeError, FileSizeError
+
+from app.validation import FileSizeError, MimeTypeError, validate_file_size, validate_mime_type
 
 ACCEPTED_TYPES = ["image/jpeg", "image/png", "image/gif", "image/webp"]
 REJECTED_TYPES = ["application/pdf", "video/mp4", "text/plain", "application/octet-stream"]

docker-compose.test.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+services:
+  postgres-test:
+    image: postgres:16-alpine
+    environment:
+      POSTGRES_USER: reactbin
+      POSTGRES_PASSWORD: reactbin
+      POSTGRES_DB: reactbin_test
+    ports:
+      - "5433:5432"
+    healthcheck:
+      test: ["CMD-SHELL", "pg_isready -U reactbin"]
+      interval: 5s
+      timeout: 5s
+      retries: 5
+
+  minio-test:
+    image: minio/minio:latest
+    command: server /data --console-address ":9001"
+    environment:
+      MINIO_ROOT_USER: minioadmin
+      MINIO_ROOT_PASSWORD: minioadmin
+    ports:
+      - "9002:9000"
+      - "9003:9001"
+    healthcheck:
+      test: ["CMD", "mc", "ready", "local"]
+      interval: 5s
+      timeout: 5s
+      retries: 5
+
+  minio-init-test:
+    image: minio/mc:latest
+    depends_on:
+      minio-test:
+        condition: service_healthy
+    environment:
+      MINIO_ROOT_USER: minioadmin
+      MINIO_ROOT_PASSWORD: minioadmin
+    entrypoint: >
+      /bin/sh -c "
+      mc alias set local http://minio-test:9000 $$MINIO_ROOT_USER $$MINIO_ROOT_PASSWORD &&
+      mc mb --ignore-existing local/reactbin-test
+      "
+
+  api-test:
+    build:
+      context: ./api
+    environment:
+      TEST_DATABASE_URL: postgresql+asyncpg://reactbin:reactbin@postgres-test:5432/reactbin_test
+      DATABASE_URL: postgresql+asyncpg://reactbin:reactbin@postgres-test:5432/reactbin_test
+      S3_ENDPOINT_URL: http://minio-test:9000
+      S3_BUCKET_NAME: reactbin-test
+      S3_ACCESS_KEY_ID: minioadmin
+      S3_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY: minioadmin
+      S3_REGION: us-east-1
+      JWT_SECRET_KEY: test-secret-key-for-testing-only
+      OWNER_USERNAME: testowner
+      OWNER_PASSWORD: testpassword
+      API_BASE_URL: http://localhost:8000
+      MAX_UPLOAD_BYTES: "52428800"
+    depends_on:
+      postgres-test:
+        condition: service_healthy
+      minio-init-test:
+        condition: service_completed_successfully
+    command: ["python", "-m", "pytest", "tests/", "-v"]
+    working_dir: /app

specs/007-tag-browser/checklists/requirements.md

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# Specification Quality Checklist: Tag Browser
+
+**Purpose**: Validate specification completeness and quality before proceeding to planning
+**Created**: 2026-05-06
+**Feature**: [spec.md](../spec.md)
+
+## Content Quality
+
+- [X] No implementation details (languages, frameworks, APIs)
+- [X] Focused on user value and business needs
+- [X] Written for non-technical stakeholders
+- [X] All mandatory sections completed
+
+## Requirement Completeness
+
+- [X] No [NEEDS CLARIFICATION] markers remain
+- [X] Requirements are testable and unambiguous
+- [X] Success criteria are measurable
+- [X] Success criteria are technology-agnostic (no implementation details)
+- [X] All acceptance scenarios are defined
+- [X] Edge cases are identified
+- [X] Scope is clearly bounded
+- [X] Dependencies and assumptions identified
+
+## Feature Readiness
+
+- [X] All functional requirements have clear acceptance criteria
+- [X] User scenarios cover primary flows
+- [X] Feature meets measurable outcomes defined in Success Criteria
+- [X] No implementation details leak into specification
+
+## Notes
+
+- All items pass. Feature is small and well-bounded — two P1 stories (browse + navigate) form the core MVP; P2 (discoverability link) is a natural follow-on. No clarifications needed. Ready for `/speckit-plan`.

specs/007-tag-browser/contracts/tags-endpoint.md

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+# Contract: GET /api/v1/tags (enhanced)
+
+## Overview
+
+Extends the existing tags list endpoint with two new optional query parameters. All existing behaviour is preserved when the new parameters are omitted.
+
+## Request
+
+```
+GET /api/v1/tags
+```
+
+### Query Parameters
+
+| Parameter  | Type    | Default  | Description |
+|------------|---------|----------|-------------|
+| `q`        | string  | —        | Filter tags by name prefix (existing) |
+| `limit`    | integer | 100      | Max items to return; capped at 200 (existing) |
+| `offset`   | integer | 0        | Pagination offset (existing) |
+| `sort`     | string  | `name`   | Sort order: `name` (alphabetical asc) or `count_desc` (image count descending, alphabetical secondary) |
+| `min_count`| integer | 0        | Exclude tags with fewer than this many images. Use `1` to hide zero-count tags. |
+
+### Authentication
+
+Not required. Public endpoint.
+
+## Response
+
+```json
+{
+  "items": [
+    { "id": "uuid", "name": "string", "image_count": 0 }
+  ],
+  "total": 0,
+  "limit": 100,
+  "offset": 0
+}
+```
+
+No changes to the response shape.
+
+## Tag Browser Usage
+
+The tag browser component calls:
+
+```
+GET /api/v1/tags?sort=count_desc&min_count=1&limit=500
+```
+
+`limit=500` is a safe upper bound for a personal library. If `total` exceeds `limit` in the response, the component logs a warning but renders what it received (no pagination UI required at this scale).
+
+## Library Autocomplete Usage (unchanged)
+
+```
+GET /api/v1/tags?q=<prefix>&limit=10
+```
+
+Uses neither `sort` nor `min_count` — default behaviour is unchanged.

specs/007-tag-browser/data-model.md

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# Data Model: Tag Browser
+
+No schema changes are required for this feature. All data needed to power the tag browser already exists.
+
+## Derived Entity: Tag with Count
+
+The tag browser displays a **read-only, derived view** of existing data:
+
+| Field | Source | Notes |
+|-------|--------|-------|
+| `name` | `tags.name` | Lowercase, normalised string |
+| `image_count` | `COUNT(image_tags.image_id) WHERE image_tags.tag_id = tags.id` | Computed at query time |
+
+This is exactly the shape already returned by `GET /api/v1/tags` as `{"id", "name", "image_count"}`.
+
+## What Changes
+
+The query in `TagRepository.list_tags()` gains two optional behaviours:
+
+1. **Sort by count descending** — adds `ORDER BY image_count DESC, name ASC` (count-desc primary, alphabetical secondary) instead of the current `ORDER BY name ASC`.
+2. **Exclude zero-count tags** — adds `HAVING image_count > 0` (or equivalent `WHERE` on the subquery) when `min_count=1` is requested.
+
+No new tables, columns, indexes, or migrations are needed.

specs/007-tag-browser/plan.md

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+# Implementation Plan: Tag Browser
+
+**Branch**: `007-tag-browser` | **Date**: 2026-05-06 | **Spec**: [spec.md](spec.md)
+**Input**: Feature specification from `specs/007-tag-browser/spec.md`
+
+## Summary
+
+Add a `/tags` page that lists every tag with its image count, sorted by popularity, each linking to the filtered library view. Requires: (1) two new query parameters on the existing `/api/v1/tags` endpoint to support sort-by-count and zero-count exclusion, (2) query-parameter-driven filtering on the library route so tag browser links deep-link correctly, (3) a new `TagBrowserComponent`, and (4) a navigation entry point from the library.
+
+## Technical Context
+
+**Language/Version**: Python 3.12 (API), TypeScript strict / Angular 19 (UI)
+**Primary Dependencies**: FastAPI, SQLAlchemy 2.x async, Angular standalone components
+**Storage**: PostgreSQL (read-only for this feature — no schema changes)
+**Testing**: pytest + httpx (API integration), Jasmine/Karma (Angular unit)
+**Target Platform**: Web (same stack as all prior features)
+**Project Type**: Web service + SPA
+**Performance Goals**: Tag list page load perceived as instant (same bar as library)
+**Constraints**: No schema changes; no new dependencies; counts must be accurate at page-load time
+**Scale/Scope**: Personal library — tag count is bounded; no pagination UI needed for tag browser, but the API call uses existing paginated endpoint
+
+## Constitution Check
+
+| Principle | Status | Notes |
+|-----------|--------|-------|
+| §2.1 Strict separation of concerns | ✅ | UI calls API; API owns all DB logic |
+| §2.5 Repository layer | ✅ | All query changes go in `TagRepository.list_tags()` |
+| §2.6 No speculative abstraction | ✅ | No new interfaces; extends existing repo method |
+| §3.1 API versioning `/api/v1/` | ✅ | Modifying existing versioned endpoint |
+| §3.2 OpenAPI as contract | ✅ | New query params documented via FastAPI |
+| §3.3 Error shape | ✅ | No new error paths |
+| §3.4 Pagination | ✅ | Existing endpoint already paginates; tag browser fetches with `limit=500` (safe upper bound for a personal library) |
+| §4.1 Tags lowercase normalised | ✅ | No change to tag creation/normalisation |
+| §5.1 TDD non-negotiable | ✅ | Tests written before implementation in tasks |
+| §5.3 Tests colocated | ✅ | API tests in `api/tests/`, Angular spec next to component |
+| §6 Tech stack | ✅ | No new dependencies |
+| §7.3 Linting/formatting enforced | ✅ | `ng lint` + `ruff` gates in tasks |
+
+**Gate**: All principles pass. Phase 0 research not required — no unknowns.
+
+## Project Structure
+
+### Documentation (this feature)
+
+```text
+specs/007-tag-browser/
+├── plan.md              ← this file
+├── research.md          ← not required (no unknowns)
+├── data-model.md        ← see below (derived data, no schema changes)
+├── contracts/
+│   └── tags-endpoint.md ← enhanced GET /api/v1/tags contract
+└── tasks.md             ← generated by /speckit-tasks
+```
+
+### Source Code Changes
+
+```text
+api/
+├── app/
+│   ├── repositories/
+│   │   └── tag_repo.py          ← extend list_tags() with sort + min_count params
+│   └── routers/
+│       └── tags.py              ← expose sort + min_count as query params
+└── tests/
+    ├── integration/
+    │   └── test_tags.py         ← new tests: sort=count_desc, min_count=1
+    └── unit/
+        └── test_tags.py         ← unit tests for repo sort/filter logic (if applicable)
+
+ui/src/app/
+├── tags/
+│   ├── tags.component.ts        ← new TagBrowserComponent
+│   └── tags.component.spec.ts   ← component tests
+├── services/
+│   └── tag.service.ts           ← add sort param to list() method
+├── library/
+│   └── library.component.ts     ← read ?tags= query param on init; add /tags nav link
+└── app.routes.ts                ← add /tags route (lazy-loaded)
+```
+
+## Design Decisions
+
+### API: extend existing endpoint rather than add new one
+
+The `/api/v1/tags` endpoint already returns tags with `image_count`. Two new optional query parameters make it serve the tag browser without breaking existing callers (the library autocomplete uses the endpoint unchanged):
+
+- `sort`: `name` (default, current behaviour) | `count_desc` (tag browser use case)
+- `min_count`: integer, default `0` (all tags, current behaviour) | `1` (excludes zero-count tags)
+
+### Library: query param deep-linking
+
+The library component currently manages `activeFilters` in memory only. Adding `?tags=cat,funny` query parameter support (read on `ngOnInit` via `ActivatedRoute`) allows the tag browser to link directly to a pre-filtered library view. The library already uses `addFilter()` / `applyFilter()` internally — reading from query params simply pre-populates `activeFilters` before the initial `load()` call. Navigation from within the library that changes filters should update the URL to keep it shareable, but that is a polish concern — minimum requirement is that arriving at `/?tags=cat` shows the cat-filtered library.
+
+### Tag browser UI layout
+
+A responsive chip/card grid sorted by count descending. Each item shows the tag name and count. Each item is a `routerLink` to `/?tags=<name>`. Follows the existing design token system (`--surface`, `--accent`, `--chip` styles). Empty state if no tags exist.

specs/007-tag-browser/quickstart.md

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# Quickstart: Tag Browser
+
+## Verifying the feature end-to-end
+
+### Prerequisites
+
+- Docker stack running (`docker compose up`)
+- At least 3 images uploaded with different tags (e.g., `cat`, `funny`, `reaction`)
+- At least one image with two tags (e.g., both `cat` and `funny`)
+
+### Scenario 1 — Tag browser shows all tags with correct counts
+
+1. Open the app (not logged in).
+2. Navigate to `/tags`.
+3. **Expected**: A list of tags is shown. Each tag displays the number of images with that tag. Tags are ordered from most images to fewest.
+4. Verify: Count next to `cat` matches the number of images actually tagged `cat`.
+5. Verify: Tags with zero images are not shown.
+
+### Scenario 2 — Clicking a tag navigates to the filtered library
+
+1. On the `/tags` page, click the `cat` tag.
+2. **Expected**: Navigated to the library (`/`) showing only images tagged `cat`.
+3. Verify: The active filter chip shows `cat` in the library.
+
+### Scenario 3 — Library page links to tag browser
+
+1. Navigate to `/` (library, logged in or out).
+2. **Expected**: A link or button labelled "Browse by tag" (or similar) is visible.
+3. Click it.
+4. **Expected**: The tag browser page loads.
+
+### Scenario 4 — Empty state
+
+1. If the library has no images at all, navigate to `/tags`.
+2. **Expected**: An empty state message is shown rather than a blank page or error.
+
+### API verification
+
+```bash
+# Sorted by count, zero-count tags excluded
+curl http://localhost:8000/api/v1/tags?sort=count_desc&min_count=1
+
+# Existing autocomplete behaviour unchanged
+curl http://localhost:8000/api/v1/tags?q=ca&limit=10
+```

specs/007-tag-browser/spec.md

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+# Feature Specification: Tag Browser
+
+**Feature Branch**: `007-tag-browser`
+**Created**: 2026-05-06
+**Status**: Draft
+**Input**: User description: "A page that lists all tags with their image counts so that users don't have to guess at searches to find image categories/tags"
+
+## User Scenarios & Testing *(mandatory)*
+
+### User Story 1 — Browse All Tags (Priority: P1)
+
+The owner (or any visitor) wants to know what categories of images exist in the library without having to type guesses into a search box. They navigate to the tag browser page and see every tag in the library alongside the number of images associated with it, sorted so the most-used tags appear first.
+
+**Why this priority**: This is the entire purpose of the feature. A visitor who doesn't know what tags exist has no way to discover them otherwise — the tag filter on the library page only helps when you already know what to type.
+
+**Independent Test**: Navigate to the tag browser page without being logged in. Confirm every tag in the library is shown with its image count, ordered from highest to lowest count.
+
+**Acceptance Scenarios**:
+
+1. **Given** the library contains images with various tags, **When** a visitor opens the tag browser page, **Then** every tag in the library is listed with the number of images that carry that tag.
+2. **Given** the tag list is displayed, **When** the visitor looks at the ordering, **Then** tags with more images appear before tags with fewer images.
+3. **Given** the visitor is not logged in, **When** they open the tag browser page, **Then** the page loads and displays tags without requiring authentication.
+
+---
+
+### User Story 2 — Navigate from Tag to Library (Priority: P1)
+
+A visitor sees a tag they are interested in and wants to view the images in that category. Clicking a tag on the tag browser page takes them directly to the library filtered to that tag, without requiring them to retype it.
+
+**Why this priority**: The tag browser page has no value as a dead end. Each tag must be a link to the filtered library view — that is the core action the page enables. Treated as P1 because the browse and navigate actions together form the minimum useful feature.
+
+**Independent Test**: Click any tag on the tag browser page. Confirm the library view opens showing only images carrying that tag.
+
+**Acceptance Scenarios**:
+
+1. **Given** the tag browser is showing a list of tags, **When** the visitor clicks a tag, **Then** they are taken to the library view filtered to show only images with that tag.
+2. **Given** the visitor clicks a tag with a count of one, **When** the library loads, **Then** exactly one image is shown.
+
+---
+
+### User Story 3 — Reach the Tag Browser from the Library (Priority: P2)
+
+The owner is browsing the image library and wants to switch to the tag browser to explore by category. A navigation element on the library page makes the tag browser discoverable without requiring the visitor to type the URL directly.
+
+**Why this priority**: The tag browser is only useful if visitors can find it. A direct entry point from the library is the most natural discovery path; however, the core value of browsing and navigating tags is independently deliverable without it.
+
+**Independent Test**: Load the library page. Confirm a visible link or button leads to the tag browser and navigates correctly when clicked.
+
+**Acceptance Scenarios**:
+
+1. **Given** the visitor is on the library page, **When** they look for a way to browse by tag, **Then** a visible link or button leads them to the tag browser.
+2. **Given** the visitor clicks that link, **When** the tag browser loads, **Then** all tags and counts are shown as expected.
+
+---
+
+### Edge Cases
+
+- What if there are no tags in the library at all? The page displays an appropriate empty state message rather than a blank page or error.
+- What if a tag has been removed from all images (count reaches zero)? Tags with a count of zero are not shown on the tag browser page.
+- What if the library contains a very large number of distinct tags? The page renders all of them without truncation; pagination is not required at personal library scale.
+- What if two tags share the same count? An alphabetical secondary sort is acceptable — no specific tie-breaking order was requested.
+
+## Requirements *(mandatory)*
+
+### Functional Requirements
+
+- **FR-001**: The application MUST provide a dedicated tag browser page accessible at a stable URL.
+- **FR-002**: The tag browser page MUST display every tag that exists in the library with at least one associated image, each shown with its current image count.
+- **FR-003**: Tags with an image count of zero MUST NOT appear on the tag browser page.
+- **FR-004**: Tags MUST be ordered from highest image count to lowest image count.
+- **FR-005**: Each tag on the tag browser page MUST be a navigable link that takes the visitor to the library view filtered to that tag.
+- **FR-006**: The tag browser page MUST be publicly accessible without authentication.
+- **FR-007**: The library page MUST include a discoverable navigation element leading to the tag browser page.
+
+### Key Entities
+
+- **Tag with count**: A tag label paired with the number of images currently carrying that tag. No new stored data — counts are derived from existing image–tag relationships at read time.
+
+## Success Criteria *(mandatory)*
+
+### Measurable Outcomes
+
+- **SC-001**: Every tag present in the library with at least one image appears on the tag browser page — 0% omission rate.
+- **SC-002**: The image count displayed next to each tag matches the actual number of images with that tag — 100% accuracy.
+- **SC-003**: Clicking any tag on the tag browser navigates to the correctly filtered library view in 100% of cases.
+- **SC-004**: The tag browser page loads successfully without authentication — verified by opening it while logged out.
+- **SC-005**: A visitor can go from the library page to the tag browser and on to a filtered library view in three interactions or fewer.
+
+## Assumptions
+
+- Tags are already a first-class concept in the library — images can have multiple tags and the data needed to derive counts already exists. No schema changes are required.
+- The library page already supports filtering by tag (via the existing search/filter mechanism); the tag browser links into that existing behaviour.
+- Alphabetical secondary sort for equal-count tags is acceptable.
+- Pagination of the tag list is out of scope for a personal image library.
+- Creating, renaming, or deleting tags from the tag browser page is out of scope; it is a read-only view.

specs/007-tag-browser/tasks.md

@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+# Tasks: Tag Browser
+
+**Input**: Design documents from `specs/007-tag-browser/`
+**Prerequisites**: plan.md ✅, spec.md ✅, data-model.md ✅, contracts/ ✅, quickstart.md ✅
+
+**Tests**: TDD is non-negotiable (§5.1). Every implementation task is preceded by a failing-test task. Test tasks MUST be written and confirmed failing before the corresponding implementation task begins.
+
+**Organization**: Foundational API + service changes first (block all stories), then one phase per user story.
+
+## Format: `[ID] [P?] [Story] Description`
+
+- **[P]**: Can run in parallel with other [P] tasks in the same phase
+- **[Story]**: Which user story this task belongs to
+- Exact file paths included in every task description
+
+---
+
+## Phase 1: Setup
+
+No new project structure required. The existing layout accommodates all changes.
+
+---
+
+## Phase 2: Foundational — API Enhancement & Service Update
+
+**Purpose**: Extend `GET /api/v1/tags` with `sort` and `min_count` query parameters; update the Angular `TagService` to pass them. All three user stories depend on the API returning tags sorted by count with zero-count tags excluded.
+
+**⚠️ CRITICAL**: No user story work can begin until this phase is complete.
+
+- [X] T001 [P] Write failing API integration tests for `sort=count_desc` and `min_count=1` params in `api/tests/integration/test_tags.py` — assert response is ordered highest-count-first and excludes zero-count tags
+- [X] T002 [P] Write failing spec for updated `TagService.list()` accepting `sort` and `minCount` params in `ui/src/app/services/tag.service.spec.ts` — final signature: `list(prefix = '', limit = 100, offset = 0, sort?: string, minCount?: number)`
+- [X] T003 Extend `TagRepository.list_tags()` in `api/app/repositories/tag_repo.py` — add `sort: str = "name"` and `min_count: int = 0` params; apply `ORDER BY image_count DESC, name ASC` when `sort="count_desc"`; apply `HAVING image_count >= min_count` filter — run AFTER T001 (TDD)
+- [X] T004 Expose `sort` and `min_count` as optional query params in `api/app/routers/tags.py` — pass through to `tag_repo.list_tags()` — run AFTER T003
+- [X] T005 Update `TagService.list()` in `ui/src/app/services/tag.service.ts` — final signature: `list(prefix = '', limit = 100, offset = 0, sort?: string, minCount?: number)`; include `sort` and `min_count` in `HttpParams` when provided — run AFTER T002 (TDD)
+
+**Execution order**: T001 ∥ T002 → T003 (after T001), T005 (after T002) → T004 (after T003)
+
+**Checkpoint**: `GET /api/v1/tags?sort=count_desc&min_count=1` returns tags sorted by image count descending with zero-count tags excluded. `TagService.list()` passes the new params.
+
+---
+
+## Phase 3: User Story 1 — Browse All Tags (Priority: P1) 🎯 MVP
+
+**Goal**: A `/tags` page that lists every tag (with count ≥ 1) sorted from most-used to least-used, with loading skeleton, empty state, and error state matching the existing design system.
+
+**Independent Test**: Navigate to `/tags` while logged out. Confirm every tag with at least one image is shown with its count, ordered by count descending. Confirm the empty state appears when no tags exist.
+
+### Tests for User Story 1
+
+- [X] T006 [US1] Write failing spec for `TagBrowserComponent` in `ui/src/app/tags/tags.component.spec.ts` covering: (a) skeleton shown while loading, (b) tag list rendered with name and count after load, (c) tags ordered by count descending, (d) empty state shown when tag list is empty, (e) error state shown on fetch failure with retry button, (f) each rendered tag element has an `href` of `/?tags=<tagname>` (FR-005 coverage), (g) component renders when `AuthService` is not present / user is unauthenticated (FR-006 coverage)
+
+### Implementation for User Story 1
+
+- [X] T007 [US1] Create `TagBrowserComponent` in `ui/src/app/tags/tags.component.ts` — standalone component; on init call `tagService.list('', 500, 0, 'count_desc', 1)` (positional order matches T005 signature); display tag chips with name + count; each chip is a `routerLink="/"` with `[queryParams]="{tags: tag.name}"` so the href renders as `/?tags=<name>`; include skeleton loading state (reuse `.skeleton` class from global styles), empty state, and error state with retry; apply design tokens throughout
+- [X] T008 [P] [US1] Add `/tags` lazy route to `ui/src/app/app.routes.ts` — load `TagBrowserComponent`; no auth guard (public route)
+
+**Checkpoint**: `/tags` renders a sorted, filterable tag list visible without authentication.
+
+---
+
+## Phase 4: User Story 2 — Navigate from Tag to Library (Priority: P1)
+
+**Goal**: Clicking a tag on the tag browser navigates to the library pre-filtered to that tag. Requires the library to read `?tags=<name>` from the URL on init and apply it as an active filter before the first image load.
+
+**Independent Test**: Navigate directly to `/?tags=cat` in the browser. Confirm the library loads showing only images tagged `cat` and the `cat` chip appears in the active filter bar.
+
+### Tests for User Story 2
+
+- [X] T009 [US2] Write failing spec for `LibraryComponent` reading `?tags=` query param in `ui/src/app/library/library.component.spec.ts` — assert that when the component initialises with `?tags=cat` in the URL, `activeFilters` contains `['cat']` and `imageService.list` is called with `['cat']`
+
+### Implementation for User Story 2
+
+- [X] T010 [US2] Update `LibraryComponent` in `ui/src/app/library/library.component.ts` — inject `ActivatedRoute`; in `ngOnInit`, read `snapshot.queryParamMap.get('tags')`; if present, split by comma, set `activeFilters` before calling `load()` so the first fetch is already filtered
+
+**Checkpoint**: Navigating to `/?tags=cat` from the tag browser shows the correctly filtered library.
+
+---
+
+## Phase 5: User Story 3 — Tag Browser Discoverable from Library (Priority: P2)
+
+**Goal**: A visible "Browse tags" link in the library page header navigates to `/tags`. Makes the tag browser discoverable without requiring the user to type the URL.
+
+**Independent Test**: Load the library page. Confirm a link to `/tags` is visible in the header and navigates correctly when clicked.
+
+### Tests for User Story 3
+
+- [X] T011 [US3] Write failing spec for library nav link to `/tags` in `ui/src/app/library/library.component.spec.ts` — assert a link element with `href="/tags"` is present in the rendered header
+
+### Implementation for User Story 3
+
+- [X] T012 [US3] Add "Browse tags" `routerLink="/tags"` link to `LibraryComponent` header in `ui/src/app/library/library.component.ts` — place alongside the existing Upload button; style consistently with the existing header button pattern
+
+**Checkpoint**: All three user stories are independently functional.
+
+---
+
+## Phase 6: Polish & Cross-Cutting Concerns
+
+- [X] T013 [P] Run `ruff check api/app/ api/tests/` and fix any violations
+- [X] T014 [P] Run `ng lint` in `ui/` — zero violations required
+- [X] T015 Run `ng build` in `ui/` — zero errors required
+
+---
+
+## Dependencies & Execution Order
+
+### Phase Dependencies
+
+- **Phase 2 (Foundational)**: Blocks all user story phases — must complete first
+- **Phase 3 (US1)**: Depends on Phase 2 — TagBrowserComponent needs the sorted tag endpoint
+- **Phase 4 (US2)**: Depends on Phase 2 — library deep-link needs no API change, but should follow US1 for coherent testing
+- **Phase 5 (US3)**: Depends on Phase 3 (needs the `/tags` route to exist for the link to be meaningful)
+- **Phase 6 (Polish)**: Depends on all prior phases
+
+### Within Phase 2
+
+- T001 ∥ T002 (different repos, both write failing tests)
+- T003 after T001 (TDD: failing test must exist first)
+- T005 after T002 (TDD: failing test must exist first)
+- T003 ∥ T005 (different repos, after their respective tests)
+- T004 after T003 (router wraps repo)
+
+### Execution Order (Phase 2)
+
+```
+Step 1 (parallel): T001, T002
+Step 2 (parallel): T003 (after T001), T005 (after T002)
+Step 3: T004 (after T003)
+```
+
+### Parallel Opportunities (Phases 3–5)
+
+- T007 and T008 are parallel within Phase 3
+
+---
+
+## Implementation Strategy
+
+### MVP (US1 + US2 — both P1)
+
+1. Complete Phase 2 (Foundational)
+2. Complete Phase 3 (US1 — TagBrowserComponent)
+3. Complete Phase 4 (US2 — library deep-link)
+4. **Validate**: Navigate from tag browser → library → confirm pre-filtered results
+5. Phases 5–6 add discoverability and polish
+
+### Incremental Delivery
+
+- After Phase 3: `/tags` page is live and usable (visitors can browse tags)
+- After Phase 4: clicking a tag works end-to-end (browse → filtered library)
+- After Phase 5: tag browser is discoverable from the library without typing the URL
+- After Phase 6: lint and build clean, ready for merge

specs/008-postgres-integration-tests/plan.md

@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+# Implementation Plan: PostgreSQL Integration Test Infrastructure
+
+**Branch**: `master` | **Date**: 2026-05-06 | **Spec**: specs/008-postgres-integration-tests/spec.md
+**Input**: Feature specification from `specs/008-postgres-integration-tests/spec.md`
+
+---
+
+## Summary
+
+Enforce the constitution's PostgreSQL mandate (§2.5, §5.2 v1.3.0) for integration tests. Three concrete deliverables: (1) a fast-fail guard in `conftest.py` that rejects non-PostgreSQL URLs before any test collects, (2) a `docker-compose.test.yml` that provides isolated `postgres-test` and `minio-test` services and an `api-test` runner, and (3) a `Makefile` + `.env.test.example` that document the canonical test commands.
+
+---
+
+## Technical Context
+
+**Language/Version**: Python 3.12, Docker Compose v2
+**Primary Dependencies**: pytest, pytest-asyncio, asyncpg, SQLAlchemy 2.x (all already in `pyproject.toml [dev]`)
+**Storage**: PostgreSQL 16-alpine (test instance), MinIO (test instance)
+**Testing**: pytest — this feature *is* the test infrastructure change
+**Target Platform**: Developer workstation (Linux/macOS) with Docker
+**Project Type**: Infrastructure / developer-experience
+**Performance Goals**: Guard exits in < 2 s; full integration suite continues to run in < 60 s
+**Constraints**: Must not break the existing dev compose stack; no changes to application source code
+**Scale/Scope**: One guard, one compose file, one Makefile, one env example
+
+---
+
+## Constitution Check
+
+| Principle | Status | Notes |
+|-----------|--------|-------|
+| §2.5 Database abstraction — no alternative DB in integration tests | ✅ ENFORCED | This feature implements the enforcement |
+| §5.1 TDD — failing test before implementation | ✅ | Guard itself is tested by running with a bad URL before adding the guard |
+| §5.2 Test pyramid — integration tests use real PostgreSQL | ✅ ENFORCED | docker-compose.test.yml provides the real instance |
+| §5.4 CI must pass before task is done | ✅ | Verified by running the full suite via compose |
+| §6 Tech stack — asyncpg driver, Docker Compose | ✅ | No new technologies introduced |
+| §7.1 One-command local start | ✅ | `docker compose -f docker-compose.test.yml run --rm api-test` |
+| §7.2 Environment config via env vars | ✅ | .env.test.example documents all vars |
+| §7.3 Linting not optional | ✅ | ruff will run as part of task validation |
+
+No violations.
+
+---
+
+## Project Structure
+
+### Documentation (this feature)
+
+```text
+specs/008-postgres-integration-tests/
+├── plan.md          ← this file
+├── research.md      ← decisions made above
+├── spec.md          ← feature specification
+└── tasks.md         ← generated by /speckit-tasks
+```
+
+### Source changes
+
+```text
+# New files
+docker-compose.test.yml          ← isolated test services + api-test runner
+.env.test.example                ← documents test environment variables
+Makefile                         ← test-unit / test-integration targets
+
+# Modified files
+api/tests/integration/conftest.py   ← add postgresql+asyncpg:// dialect guard
+```
+
+No application source files (`api/app/`) are modified. No UI files are touched.
+
+---
+
+## Detailed Design
+
+### 1. conftest.py — dialect guard
+
+Add a module-level `pytest_configure` hook at the top of `api/tests/integration/conftest.py`. It resolves the database URL (same logic as the `engine` fixture: prefer `TEST_DATABASE_URL`, fall back to `settings.database_url`) and calls `pytest.exit()` if the scheme is not `postgresql+asyncpg`:
+
+```python
+def pytest_configure(config):
+    import os
+    db_url = os.getenv("TEST_DATABASE_URL") or os.getenv("DATABASE_URL", "")
+    if not db_url.startswith("postgresql+asyncpg://"):
+        pytest.exit(
+            "Integration tests require a PostgreSQL database "
+            "(postgresql+asyncpg://...). "
+            "Set TEST_DATABASE_URL or DATABASE_URL accordingly. "
+            f"Got: {db_url!r}",
+            returncode=1,
+        )
+```
+
+The hook runs before any fixture or collection, giving an immediate, unambiguous error.
+
+**Note**: This guard goes in `api/tests/integration/conftest.py` only, not in `api/tests/conftest.py`, so that unit tests (which use no database) are unaffected.
+
+### 2. docker-compose.test.yml
+
+```yaml
+services:
+  postgres-test:
+    image: postgres:16-alpine
+    environment:
+      POSTGRES_USER: reactbin
+      POSTGRES_PASSWORD: reactbin
+      POSTGRES_DB: reactbin_test
+    ports:
+      - "5433:5432"
+    healthcheck:
+      test: ["CMD-SHELL", "pg_isready -U reactbin"]
+      interval: 5s
+      timeout: 5s
+      retries: 5
+
+  minio-test:
+    image: minio/minio:latest
+    command: server /data --console-address ":9001"
+    environment:
+      MINIO_ROOT_USER: minioadmin
+      MINIO_ROOT_PASSWORD: minioadmin
+    ports:
+      - "9002:9000"
+      - "9003:9001"
+    healthcheck:
+      test: ["CMD", "mc", "ready", "local"]
+      interval: 5s
+      timeout: 5s
+      retries: 5
+
+  minio-init-test:
+    image: minio/mc:latest
+    depends_on:
+      minio-test:
+        condition: service_healthy
+    environment:
+      MINIO_ROOT_USER: minioadmin
+      MINIO_ROOT_PASSWORD: minioadmin
+    entrypoint: >
+      /bin/sh -c "
+      mc alias set local http://minio-test:9000 $$MINIO_ROOT_USER $$MINIO_ROOT_PASSWORD &&
+      mc mb --ignore-existing local/reactbin-test
+      "
+
+  api-test:
+    build:
+      context: ./api
+    environment:
+      TEST_DATABASE_URL: postgresql+asyncpg://reactbin:reactbin@postgres-test:5432/reactbin_test
+      DATABASE_URL: postgresql+asyncpg://reactbin:reactbin@postgres-test:5432/reactbin_test
+      S3_ENDPOINT_URL: http://minio-test:9000
+      S3_BUCKET_NAME: reactbin-test
+      S3_ACCESS_KEY_ID: minioadmin
+      S3_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY: minioadmin
+      S3_REGION: us-east-1
+      JWT_SECRET_KEY: test-secret-key-for-testing-only
+      OWNER_USERNAME: testowner
+      OWNER_PASSWORD: testpassword
+      API_BASE_URL: http://localhost:8000
+      MAX_UPLOAD_BYTES: "52428800"
+    depends_on:
+      postgres-test:
+        condition: service_healthy
+      minio-init-test:
+        condition: service_completed_successfully
+    command: ["python", "-m", "pytest", "tests/", "-v"]
+    working_dir: /app
+```
+
+### 3. .env.test.example
+
+Documents the variables needed to run integration tests from the host (with postgres-test and minio-test already running via compose):
+
+```bash
+# Integration test environment — used when running pytest directly on the host
+# Start test services first: docker compose -f docker-compose.test.yml up -d postgres-test minio-test minio-init-test
+
+TEST_DATABASE_URL=postgresql+asyncpg://reactbin:reactbin@localhost:5433/reactbin_test
+DATABASE_URL=postgresql+asyncpg://reactbin:reactbin@localhost:5433/reactbin_test
+S3_ENDPOINT_URL=http://localhost:9002
+S3_BUCKET_NAME=reactbin-test
+S3_ACCESS_KEY_ID=minioadmin
+S3_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=minioadmin
+S3_REGION=us-east-1
+JWT_SECRET_KEY=test-secret-key-for-testing-only
+OWNER_USERNAME=testowner
+OWNER_PASSWORD=testpassword
+API_BASE_URL=http://localhost:8000
+MAX_UPLOAD_BYTES=52428800
+```
+
+### 4. Makefile
+
+```makefile
+.PHONY: test-unit test-integration
+
+test-unit:
+	cd api && python -m pytest tests/unit/ -v
+
+test-integration:
+	docker compose -f docker-compose.test.yml run --rm api-test
+```
+
+---
+
+## Phase Breakdown
+
+### Phase 1: Guard (FR-001) — US1
+
+- Write a failing test: run `pytest api/tests/integration/` with `TEST_DATABASE_URL=sqlite+aiosqlite:///test.db` — confirm it does NOT exit early (test that the guard is absent)
+- Add `pytest_configure` guard to `api/tests/integration/conftest.py`
+- Verify: running with SQLite URL now exits immediately with the correct message
+- Verify: running with a PostgreSQL URL proceeds normally
+
+### Phase 2: Docker Compose test stack (FR-002, FR-003) — US2
+
+- Write `docker-compose.test.yml` with `postgres-test`, `minio-test`, `minio-init-test`, `api-test`
+- Run `docker compose -f docker-compose.test.yml run --rm api-test` — all tests pass
+- Confirm dev stack (port 5432, 9000) is unaffected
+
+### Phase 3: Documentation (FR-004, FR-005) — US3
+
+- Write `.env.test.example`
+- Write `Makefile` with `test-unit` and `test-integration`
+- Verify `make test-unit` runs unit tests without Docker
+- Verify `make test-integration` invokes the compose command
+
+### Phase 4: Polish
+
+- `ruff check api/app/ api/tests/` — zero violations
+- `ng lint` is unaffected (no UI changes)
+
+---
+
+## No data model or API contracts
+
+This feature touches only developer tooling. No new API endpoints, database schema changes, or UI components.

specs/008-postgres-integration-tests/quickstart.md

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+# Quickstart: Integration Test Infrastructure
+
+## Run the full integration test suite (Docker, recommended)
+
+```bash
+docker compose -f docker-compose.test.yml run --rm api-test
+```
+
+Test services start automatically. The command exits with pytest's return code.
+
+## Run unit tests only (no Docker required)
+
+```bash
+make test-unit
+# or directly:
+cd api && python -m pytest tests/unit/ -v
+```
+
+## Run integration tests from the host (test services must be running)
+
+```bash
+# Start test services
+docker compose -f docker-compose.test.yml up -d postgres-test minio-test minio-init-test
+
+# Copy and source test env vars
+cp .env.test.example .env.test
+export $(cat .env.test | xargs)
+
+# Run tests
+cd api && python -m pytest tests/integration/ -v
+```
+
+## Validate the guard works
+
+```bash
+TEST_DATABASE_URL=sqlite+aiosqlite:///test.db python -m pytest api/tests/integration/
+# Expected: exits immediately with "Integration tests require postgresql+asyncpg://"
+```

specs/008-postgres-integration-tests/research.md

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# Research: PostgreSQL Integration Test Infrastructure
+
+## Decision 1: How to enforce the PostgreSQL dialect in conftest.py
+
+**Decision**: Add a `pytest_configure` hook (or a module-level guard in `conftest.py`) that calls `pytest.exit()` if the resolved database URL does not start with `postgresql+asyncpg://`.
+
+**Rationale**: `pytest_configure` runs before collection, giving the clearest possible failure signal. A module-level assertion would also work but produces a less readable traceback. `pytest.exit()` with a human-readable message is the idiomatic approach.
+
+**Alternatives considered**:
+- A custom pytest plugin in a separate file — unnecessary complexity for a one-liner guard.
+- Raising an exception in the `engine` fixture — runs too late (after collection); developers see confusing fixture errors instead of a clear message.
+
+---
+
+## Decision 2: Separate docker-compose.test.yml vs profiles in docker-compose.yml
+
+**Decision**: Use a standalone `docker-compose.test.yml` at the repo root.
+
+**Rationale**: Docker Compose profiles require the developer to remember `--profile test` on every command. A separate file is explicit and self-contained. The test file can define its own service names and ports without touching the dev compose file at all.
+
+**Alternatives considered**:
+- `docker-compose.yml` with a `test` profile — profile discovery is non-obvious; modifying the dev file risks breaking the dev stack.
+- A `docker-compose.override.yml` — override files apply automatically to `docker compose up`, which is the opposite of what we want for tests.
+
+---
+
+## Decision 3: Port assignments for test services
+
+**Decision**:
+- `postgres-test`: host port 5433 (standard offset from dev 5432)
+- `minio-test` API: host port 9002 (offset from dev 9000)
+- `minio-test` console: host port 9003 (offset from dev 9001)
+
+**Rationale**: Predictable offsets make it easy to remember. Developers running both stacks simultaneously won't hit port conflicts.
+
+---
+
+## Decision 4: S3 isolation strategy for tests
+
+**Decision**: The `api-test` service sets `S3_BUCKET_NAME=reactbin-test` pointing to the dedicated `minio-test` instance. The `minio-init-test` sidecar creates that bucket before tests run.
+
+**Rationale**: The existing conftest already manages database isolation via `create_all` / `drop_all`. MinIO requires bucket pre-creation (same as dev). A dedicated test bucket on a dedicated test MinIO instance gives full isolation. No changes to application storage code are needed.
+
+---
+
+## Decision 5: Makefile vs shell scripts
+
+**Decision**: A `Makefile` at the repo root with `test-unit` and `test-integration` targets.
+
+**Rationale**: `make` is universally available on Linux/macOS developer machines. The targets are short wrappers that document the canonical test invocation. No build logic; just convenience aliases.
+
+**Alternatives considered**:
+- Shell scripts (`scripts/test.sh`) — no discoverability; `make help` is more ergonomic.
+- `package.json` scripts — wrong tool for a Python/Docker project.
+- `justfile` — not universally installed.

specs/008-postgres-integration-tests/spec.md

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+# Feature Specification: PostgreSQL Integration Test Infrastructure
+
+**Feature Branch**: `008-postgres-integration-tests`
+**Created**: 2026-05-06
+**Status**: Draft
+
+---
+
+## Overview
+
+Integration tests currently permit any SQLAlchemy-compatible database URL, including SQLite. This allowed a real production bug (incorrect `HAVING` without `GROUP BY`) to ship undetected because SQLite's permissive dialect did not reject it. The project constitution (§2.5, §5.2 v1.3.0) now explicitly mandates PostgreSQL for integration tests. This feature enforces that mandate with infrastructure and guardrails.
+
+---
+
+## User Scenarios & Testing
+
+### User Story 1 — Integration tests are enforced to run against PostgreSQL (Priority: P1)
+
+A developer running `pytest` against a non-PostgreSQL database URL receives an immediate, descriptive failure before any test runs.
+
+**Why this priority**: Directly addresses the production bug that prompted this feature. Without this, the constitution mandate has no teeth.
+
+**Independent Test**: Set `TEST_DATABASE_URL=sqlite+aiosqlite:///test.db` and run `pytest api/tests/integration/`. Confirm pytest exits immediately with a message identifying the dialect problem and naming the required scheme.
+
+**Acceptance Scenarios**:
+
+1. **Given** `TEST_DATABASE_URL` is set to a SQLite URL, **When** `pytest api/tests/integration/` is invoked, **Then** pytest exits before collecting any test with an error: `Integration tests require postgresql+asyncpg://`.
+2. **Given** `DATABASE_URL` is unset and `TEST_DATABASE_URL` is unset, **When** pytest is invoked, **Then** pytest exits with a clear message about the missing database URL.
+3. **Given** `TEST_DATABASE_URL` is a valid `postgresql+asyncpg://` URL, **When** pytest is invoked, **Then** tests collect and run normally.
+
+---
+
+### User Story 2 — One-command integration test run against isolated services (Priority: P1)
+
+A developer can run the entire integration test suite against dedicated, isolated PostgreSQL and MinIO instances with a single command.
+
+**Why this priority**: Without this, the PostgreSQL requirement is mandated but impractical — developers have no easy way to satisfy it.
+
+**Independent Test**: From the repo root with Docker available, run `docker compose -f docker-compose.test.yml run --rm api-test`. Confirm all integration tests pass, test containers start and stop cleanly, and dev database/bucket are untouched.
+
+**Acceptance Scenarios**:
+
+1. **Given** Docker is running and dev services are stopped, **When** the test command is run, **Then** isolated `postgres-test` and `minio-test` services start, all tests run against them, and the command exits with pytest's return code.
+2. **Given** dev services are running on their normal ports, **When** the test command is run, **Then** test services use different ports (5433, 9002/9003) and do not interfere with the dev stack.
+3. **Given** any test data is written during the run, **When** the test run completes, **Then** all test schema is dropped (conftest teardown is unchanged).
+
+---
+
+### User Story 3 — Test infrastructure is documented (Priority: P2)
+
+A developer new to the project can understand how to run unit tests vs integration tests without reading the source code.
+
+**Independent Test**: Read `.env.test.example` and `Makefile`. Confirm all required environment variables are documented and `make test-unit` / `make test-integration` targets are present.
+
+**Acceptance Scenarios**:
+
+1. **Given** a fresh clone, **When** the developer reads `.env.test.example`, **Then** they see every variable needed to run integration tests outside Docker, with example values.
+2. **Given** the Makefile, **When** the developer runs `make test-unit`, **Then** the pytest unit suite runs without requiring Docker.
+3. **Given** the Makefile, **When** the developer runs `make test-integration`, **Then** the Docker Compose test command runs.
+
+---
+
+### Edge Cases
+
+- What if `TEST_DATABASE_URL` is set but malformed? — The guard should still catch a non-PostgreSQL scheme; asyncpg will raise its own error for a malformed URL.
+- What if Docker is not available? — `make test-integration` fails at the Docker level with Docker's own error; the Makefile does not need to guard for this.
+- What if the test PostgreSQL port (5433) is already in use? — Standard Docker port conflict error; no special handling needed.
+
+---
+
+## Requirements
+
+### Functional Requirements
+
+- **FR-001**: `conftest.py` MUST assert the resolved database URL starts with `postgresql+asyncpg://` and call `pytest.exit()` with a descriptive message before any test collects.
+- **FR-002**: A `docker-compose.test.yml` MUST define isolated `postgres-test` (port 5433) and `minio-test` (ports 9002/9003) services and an `api-test` runner service.
+- **FR-003**: The `api-test` service MUST set `TEST_DATABASE_URL` pointing to `postgres-test` and all S3 env vars pointing to `minio-test`.
+- **FR-004**: A `.env.test.example` MUST document all environment variables required to run integration tests outside Docker.
+- **FR-005**: A `Makefile` MUST provide `test-unit` and `test-integration` targets.
+
+---
+
+## Success Criteria
+
+- **SC-001**: Running `pytest api/tests/integration/` with a SQLite URL exits in under 2 seconds with a clear error message — no tests run.
+- **SC-002**: `docker compose -f docker-compose.test.yml run --rm api-test` completes successfully with all integration tests passing.
+- **SC-003**: Dev services (postgres on 5432, minio on 9000) are unaffected when the test command runs.
+
+---
+
+## Assumptions
+
+- Docker Compose v2 (`docker compose`) is available in the developer environment.
+- The existing `conftest.py` `engine` fixture (session-scoped `create_all` / `drop_all`) continues to handle schema lifecycle; no per-test transaction rollback mechanism is introduced.
+- CI/CD pipeline configuration is out of scope for this feature.

specs/008-postgres-integration-tests/tasks.md

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+# Tasks: PostgreSQL Integration Test Infrastructure
+
+**Input**: Design documents from `specs/008-postgres-integration-tests/`
+**Prerequisites**: plan.md ✅, spec.md ✅, research.md ✅, quickstart.md ✅
+
+**Tests**: TDD is non-negotiable (§5.1). For infrastructure tasks the "failing test" is a verification step that confirms the thing being built is absent before building it, then confirms it works after. Every user story has an explicit TDD red step before its implementation task.
+
+**Organization**: No foundational blocking phase — all three user stories touch independent files and can proceed in order.
+
+## Format: `[ID] [P?] [Story] Description`
+
+- **[P]**: Can run in parallel with other [P] tasks in the same phase
+- **[Story]**: Which user story this task belongs to
+- Exact file paths included in every task description
+
+---
+
+## Phase 1: Setup
+
+No new project structure required. The existing layout accommodates all changes.
+
+---
+
+## Phase 2: User Story 1 — Dialect guard in conftest (Priority: P1) 🎯 MVP
+
+**Goal**: `pytest api/tests/integration/` exits immediately with a clear message if the database URL is not `postgresql+asyncpg://`.
+
+**Independent Test**: Run `TEST_DATABASE_URL=sqlite+aiosqlite:///test.db python -m pytest api/tests/integration/ -q` — command exits in < 2 s with the error message `Integration tests require postgresql+asyncpg://` and no tests are collected.
+
+- [X] T001 [US1] Confirm guard is absent (TDD red): from `api/`, run `TEST_DATABASE_URL=sqlite+aiosqlite:///test.db python -m pytest tests/integration/ -q --co 2>&1 | head -20` — observe that tests ARE collected and note the count (guard not yet in place)
+- [X] T002 [US1] Add `pytest_configure` hook to `api/tests/integration/conftest.py` — resolve URL via `os.getenv("TEST_DATABASE_URL") or os.getenv("DATABASE_URL", "")`, call `pytest.exit("Integration tests require postgresql+asyncpg://...", returncode=1)` if URL does not start with `postgresql+asyncpg://`; place hook before any imports that depend on the database URL
+- [X] T003 [US1] Verify guard works (TDD green): run `TEST_DATABASE_URL=sqlite+aiosqlite:///test.db python -m pytest api/tests/integration/ -q` — confirm immediate exit with the correct error message and zero tests collected; also confirm a valid `postgresql+asyncpg://` URL does not trigger the guard
+
+**Checkpoint**: Dialect-mismatched test runs are blocked before any test collects.
+
+---
+
+## Phase 3: User Story 2 — Docker Compose test stack (Priority: P1)
+
+**Goal**: `docker compose -f docker-compose.test.yml run --rm api-test` runs the full integration suite against isolated PostgreSQL and MinIO services on different ports than the dev stack.
+
+**Independent Test**: Run `docker compose -f docker-compose.test.yml run --rm api-test` from the repo root — all tests pass; verify `docker compose ps` shows dev services (if running) are unaffected on their original ports.
+
+- [X] T004 [US2] Confirm compose file is absent (TDD red): run `test -f docker-compose.test.yml && echo EXISTS || echo ABSENT` — confirm output is `ABSENT`
+- [X] T005 [US2] Create `docker-compose.test.yml` at the repo root with four services: `postgres-test` (image `postgres:16-alpine`, host port 5433, db `reactbin_test`), `minio-test` (image `minio/minio:latest`, host ports 9002/9003), `minio-init-test` (creates bucket `reactbin-test`, depends on `minio-test` healthy), and `api-test` (builds from `./api`, runs `python -m pytest tests/ -v`, depends on `postgres-test` healthy and `minio-init-test` completed, environment sets `TEST_DATABASE_URL=postgresql+asyncpg://reactbin:reactbin@postgres-test:5432/reactbin_test`, `DATABASE_URL` to same value, and all S3 vars pointing to `minio-test:9000` with bucket `reactbin-test`) — follow exact design in `specs/008-postgres-integration-tests/plan.md`
+- [X] T006 [US2] Verify compose stack (TDD green): run `docker compose -f docker-compose.test.yml run --rm api-test` — confirm all integration tests pass; confirm no errors about missing env vars or connection failures
+
+**Checkpoint**: Full integration suite runs against real PostgreSQL via one command.
+
+---
+
+## Phase 4: User Story 3 — Test documentation (Priority: P2)
+
+**Goal**: `.env.test.example` and `Makefile` document how to run both test tiers.
+
+**Independent Test**: Read `.env.test.example` — all variables needed for integration tests are present with example values. Run `make test-unit` — pytest unit suite runs without Docker and passes.
+
+- [X] T007 [P] [US3] Create `.env.test.example` at the repo root documenting all variables required to run integration tests outside Docker: `TEST_DATABASE_URL`, `DATABASE_URL`, `S3_ENDPOINT_URL`, `S3_BUCKET_NAME`, `S3_ACCESS_KEY_ID`, `S3_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY`, `S3_REGION`, `JWT_SECRET_KEY`, `OWNER_USERNAME`, `OWNER_PASSWORD`, `API_BASE_URL`, `MAX_UPLOAD_BYTES` — with example values pointing to `localhost:5433` and `localhost:9002` (test service ports); include a comment explaining how to start test services first — follow exact design in `specs/008-postgres-integration-tests/plan.md`
+- [X] T008 [P] [US3] Create `Makefile` at the repo root with `.PHONY: test-unit test-integration`, `test-unit` target running `cd api && python -m pytest tests/unit/ -v`, and `test-integration` target running `docker compose -f docker-compose.test.yml run --rm api-test`
+- [X] T009 [US3] Verify `make test-unit` — unit tests pass without Docker (validates the Makefile target and confirms unit tests have no Docker dependency)
+- [X] T010 Verify `make test-integration` — Docker integration suite passes end-to-end (cross-story verification: exercises the US2 compose stack via the US3 Makefile target)
+
+**Checkpoint**: All three user stories independently functional.
+
+---
+
+## Phase 5: Polish & Cross-Cutting Concerns
+
+- [X] T011 Run `ruff check api/app/ api/tests/` — zero violations (conftest change must pass ruff; fix any issues)
+
+---
+
+## Dependencies & Execution Order
+
+### Phase Dependencies
+
+- **Phase 2 (US1)**: No external dependencies — can start immediately
+- **Phase 3 (US2)**: Depends on Phase 2 (guard must be in place so the compose stack run exercises it)
+- **Phase 4 (US3)**: T007 and T008 are independent file writes (can run in parallel with each other after Phase 3); T009 requires T008; T010 requires T008 and T006
+- **Phase 5 (Polish)**: Depends on all prior phases
+
+### Within Phase 4
+
+- T007 ∥ T008 (different files, no dependency)
+- T009 after T008 (Makefile must exist)
+- T010 after T008 and T006 (requires both Makefile and compose stack)
+
+### Execution Order Summary
+
+```
+Step 1: T001, T002, T003 (sequential — TDD for guard)
+Step 2: T004, T005, T006 (sequential — TDD for compose stack)
+Step 3 (parallel): T007, T008
+Step 4: T009 (after T008), T010 (after T008 + T006)
+Step 5: T011
+```
+
+---
+
+## Implementation Strategy
+
+### MVP (US1 — the guard)
+
+1. Complete T001–T003
+2. **Validate**: SQLite URL is blocked; PostgreSQL URL proceeds
+3. US2 and US3 add the infrastructure to make the mandate practical
+
+### Incremental Delivery
+
+- After Phase 2: Dialect bugs are caught immediately — core safety net is in place
+- After Phase 3: Full integration suite runs against PostgreSQL via one Docker command
+- After Phase 4: Both test tiers are documented and accessible via `make`
+- After Phase 5: Lint clean, ready for merge

specs/009-login-rate-limiting/checklists/requirements.md

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# Specification Quality Checklist: Login Brute-Force Protection
+
+**Purpose**: Validate specification completeness and quality before proceeding to planning
+**Created**: 2026-05-06
+**Feature**: [spec.md](../spec.md)
+
+## Content Quality
+
+- [X] No implementation details (languages, frameworks, APIs)
+- [X] Focused on user value and business needs
+- [X] Written for non-technical stakeholders
+- [X] All mandatory sections completed
+
+## Requirement Completeness
+
+- [X] No [NEEDS CLARIFICATION] markers remain
+- [X] Requirements are testable and unambiguous
+- [X] Success criteria are measurable
+- [X] Success criteria are technology-agnostic (no implementation details)
+- [X] All acceptance scenarios are defined
+- [X] Edge cases are identified
+- [X] Scope is clearly bounded
+- [X] Dependencies and assumptions identified
+
+## Feature Readiness
+
+- [X] All functional requirements have clear acceptance criteria
+- [X] User scenarios cover primary flows
+- [X] Feature meets measurable outcomes defined in Success Criteria
+- [X] No implementation details leak into specification
+
+## Notes
+
+- All items pass. Spec is ready for `/speckit-plan`.

specs/009-login-rate-limiting/contracts/auth.md

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+# API Contract: Authentication
+
+## POST /api/v1/auth/token
+
+Authenticates the owner and returns a JWT access token.
+
+**This endpoint is modified by feature 009** to enforce brute-force protection.
+All previous behaviour is preserved. One new response code (429) is added.
+
+### Request
+
+```
+POST /api/v1/auth/token
+Content-Type: application/json
+```
+
+```json
+{
+  "username": "string",
+  "password": "string"
+}
+```
+
+### Responses
+
+#### 200 OK — Credentials accepted
+
+```json
+{
+  "access_token": "<jwt>",
+  "token_type": "bearer",
+  "expires_in": 86400
+}
+```
+
+Side effect: resets the failure counter for the caller's IP address.
+
+---
+
+#### 401 Unauthorized — Credentials rejected
+
+```json
+{
+  "detail": "Invalid credentials",
+  "code": "invalid_credentials"
+}
+```
+
+Side effect: increments the failure counter for the caller's IP address. If the
+counter reaches `LOGIN_MAX_FAILURES`, subsequent requests from this IP will receive
+429 until the cooldown expires.
+
+---
+
+#### 429 Too Many Requests — Source blocked after repeated failures
+
+**This response is new in feature 009.**
+
+```
+HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
+Retry-After: 900
+Content-Type: application/json
+```
+
+```json
+{
+  "detail": "Too many failed login attempts. Please try again later.",
+  "code": "login_rate_limited"
+}
+```
+
+The `Retry-After` header value is the configured cooldown duration in seconds (default: 900).
+It reflects the maximum possible wait, not the exact remaining lockout time.
+
+No credentials are verified when this response is returned — the request is
+rejected before authentication is attempted.
+
+---
+
+### Notes
+
+- The failure counter is per source IP address (TCP peer, not forwarded headers).
+- Threshold values (`LOGIN_MAX_FAILURES`, `LOGIN_WINDOW_SECONDS`, `LOGIN_COOLDOWN_SECONDS`)
+  are not disclosed in any response.
+- Counters are in-memory and reset on process restart.

specs/009-login-rate-limiting/data-model.md

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# Data Model: Login Brute-Force Protection
+
+## Overview
+
+This feature introduces no new database tables. The only data entity is a transient,
+in-memory rate-limit record that does not survive process restarts. This is intentional
+(see research.md Decision 3).
+
+---
+
+## Entity: Rate-Limit Record (in-memory only)
+
+| Field          | Type    | Description                                                                 |
+|----------------|---------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| `failures`     | int     | Count of consecutive failed login attempts in the current window            |
+| `window_start` | float   | Unix timestamp marking when the current counting window began               |
+| `blocked_until`| float   | Unix timestamp after which the source is no longer blocked; 0.0 if not blocked |
+
+**Keyed by**: resolved client IP address string (e.g., `"192.168.1.1"`); see `get_client_ip()` in `rate_limiter.py` for resolution logic
+
+**Lifecycle**:
+1. Record is created on the first failed login from a source.
+2. `failures` increments on each subsequent failure within the window.
+3. When `failures >= LOGIN_MAX_FAILURES`, `blocked_until` is set to `now + LOGIN_COOLDOWN_SECONDS`.
+4. When `blocked_until` has passed, the record is deleted on the next request from that source.
+5. A successful login deletes the record immediately (failure counter reset).
+6. If `now - window_start > LOGIN_WINDOW_SECONDS` without triggering lockout, the counter resets within the existing record.
+
+**State machine**:
+
+```
+[no record]
+     │ first failure
+     ▼
+[tracking] ──── failure N ≥ max ────► [blocked]
+     │                                     │
+     │ success / window expires             │ cooldown expires
+     ▼                                     ▼
+[no record] ◄─────────────────────── [no record]
+```
+
+---
+
+## Configuration Entity: Rate-Limit Settings
+
+Stored as environment variables; loaded via `app.config.Settings`:
+
+| Env Var                    | Default | Description                                              |
+|----------------------------|---------|----------------------------------------------------------|
+| `LOGIN_MAX_FAILURES`       | `5`     | Failures within window before lockout                    |
+| `LOGIN_WINDOW_SECONDS`     | `300`   | Rolling window duration in seconds (5 minutes)           |
+| `LOGIN_COOLDOWN_SECONDS`   | `900`   | Lockout duration in seconds after threshold exceeded (15 minutes) |
+| `LOGIN_TRUSTED_PROXY_IPS`  | `""`    | Comma-separated IPs/CIDRs of trusted upstream proxies (e.g., `10.0.0.0/8`); empty = disabled |

specs/009-login-rate-limiting/plan.md

@@ -0,0 +1,388 @@
+# Implementation Plan: Login Brute-Force Protection
+
+**Branch**: `009-login-rate-limiting` | **Date**: 2026-05-06 | **Spec**: [spec.md](spec.md)  
+**Input**: Feature specification from `specs/009-login-rate-limiting/spec.md`
+
+## Summary
+
+Add failure-counting brute-force protection to the login endpoint (`POST /api/v1/auth/token`).
+After a configurable number of consecutive failed attempts from the same resolved client IP,
+the endpoint returns HTTP 429 with a `Retry-After` header for a configurable cooldown period.
+A successful login resets the counter. All thresholds are configurable via environment variables.
+When deployed behind a reverse proxy (nginx, Kubernetes ingress), a `LOGIN_TRUSTED_PROXY_IPS`
+setting enables extraction of the real client IP from `X-Forwarded-For`. No new infrastructure
+(no Redis, no new DB table) — counters live in process memory.
+
+---
+
+## Technical Context
+
+**Language/Version**: Python 3.12+  
+**Primary Dependencies**: FastAPI, pydantic-settings (already in use); no new dependencies added  
+**Storage**: In-memory `dict` (no persistence across restarts — intentional)  
+**Testing**: pytest + pytest-asyncio (existing test infrastructure)  
+**Target Platform**: Linux server (Docker)  
+**Project Type**: Web service (API only — this feature has no UI surface)  
+**Performance Goals**: Rate limiter adds negligible overhead (dict lookup + lock acquisition; sub-millisecond)  
+**Constraints**: Must not add new runtime service dependencies; must not change any auth behaviour for non-blocked sources  
+**Scale/Scope**: Single process, single user; in-memory store is sufficient
+
+---
+
+## Constitution Check
+
+| Principle | Status | Notes |
+|-----------|--------|-------|
+| §2.4 Auth abstraction (AuthProvider interface) | ✅ Pass | Rate limiter is a guard *before* `JWTAuthProvider.verify_credentials()`, not a bypass of the interface |
+| §2.5 DB abstraction (repository layer) | ✅ Pass | No database access; in-memory only |
+| §2.6 No speculative abstraction | ✅ Pass | Concrete `LoginRateLimiter` class, no interface; only one implementation planned |
+| §3.3 Error envelope (`detail` + `code`) | ✅ Pass | 429 response uses `{"detail": "...", "code": "login_rate_limited"}` |
+| §5.1 TDD | ✅ Required | Tasks follow red → green order |
+| §5.2 Integration tests against PostgreSQL | ✅ Pass | Integration test for the login endpoint will run against the Docker PostgreSQL stack |
+| §7.2 Environment configuration | ✅ Pass | `LOGIN_MAX_FAILURES`, `LOGIN_WINDOW_SECONDS`, `LOGIN_COOLDOWN_SECONDS`, `LOGIN_TRUSTED_PROXY_IPS` from env vars |
+| §7.3 Linting (ruff) | ✅ Required | All new files must pass `ruff check` |
+
+**Gate result**: No violations. Cleared to proceed.
+
+---
+
+## Project Structure
+
+### Documentation (this feature)
+
+```text
+specs/009-login-rate-limiting/
+├── plan.md              ← this file
+├── research.md          ← decisions on approach
+├── data-model.md        ← rate-limit record entity
+├── quickstart.md        ← curl runbook
+├── contracts/
+│   └── auth.md          ← updated POST /api/v1/auth/token with 429
+└── tasks.md             ← generated by /speckit-tasks
+```
+
+### Source Code Changes
+
+```text
+api/
+├── app/
+│   ├── auth/
+│   │   ├── rate_limiter.py          ← NEW: LoginRateLimiter class
+│   │   ├── jwt_provider.py          (unchanged)
+│   │   ├── noop.py                  (unchanged)
+│   │   └── provider.py              (unchanged)
+│   ├── config.py                    ← add login_max_failures, login_window_seconds, login_cooldown_seconds, login_trusted_proxy_ips
+│   ├── main.py                      ← init LoginRateLimiter in lifespan, attach to app.state
+│   └── routers/
+│       └── auth.py                  ← check rate limit before auth, record outcome
+└── tests/
+    ├── unit/
+    │   └── test_rate_limiter.py     ← NEW: unit tests for LoginRateLimiter logic
+    └── integration/
+        └── test_login_rate_limit.py ← NEW: integration tests for 429 behaviour via HTTP
+```
+
+---
+
+## Implementation Detail
+
+### `api/app/auth/rate_limiter.py`
+
+```python
+import ipaddress
+import logging
+import time
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from ipaddress import IPv4Network, IPv6Network
+from threading import Lock
+
+from starlette.requests import Request
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def get_client_ip(
+    request: Request,
+    trusted_networks: list[IPv4Network | IPv6Network],
+) -> str:
+    """Return the resolved client IP, honouring X-Forwarded-For when the
+    TCP peer is a trusted upstream proxy. Falls back to the TCP peer address
+    when no trusted networks are configured or the peer is not in the list."""
+    peer = request.client.host if request.client else "unknown"
+    if trusted_networks and peer != "unknown":
+        try:
+            peer_addr = ipaddress.ip_address(peer)
+            if any(peer_addr in net for net in trusted_networks):
+                xff = request.headers.get("X-Forwarded-For", "").split(",")[0].strip()
+                if xff:
+                    return xff
+                real_ip = request.headers.get("X-Real-IP", "").strip()
+                if real_ip:
+                    return real_ip
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+    return peer
+
+
+@dataclass
+class _Record:
+    failures: int = 0
+    window_start: float = field(default_factory=time.time)
+    blocked_until: float = 0.0
+
+
+class LoginRateLimiter:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        max_failures: int = 5,
+        window_seconds: int = 300,
+        cooldown_seconds: int = 900,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._max = max_failures
+        self._window = window_seconds
+        self._cooldown = cooldown_seconds
+        self._store: dict[str, _Record] = {}
+        self._lock = Lock()
+
+    @property
+    def cooldown_seconds(self) -> int:
+        return self._cooldown
+
+    def is_blocked(self, ip: str) -> bool:
+        now = time.time()
+        with self._lock:
+            rec = self._store.get(ip)
+            if rec is None:
+                return False
+            if rec.blocked_until > now:
+                return True
+            if rec.blocked_until > 0:
+                del self._store[ip]
+            return False
+
+    def record_failure(self, ip: str) -> None:
+        now = time.time()
+        with self._lock:
+            rec = self._store.get(ip)
+            if rec is None:
+                rec = _Record(window_start=now)
+                self._store[ip] = rec
+            if now - rec.window_start > self._window:
+                rec.failures = 0
+                rec.window_start = now
+            rec.failures += 1
+            if rec.failures >= self._max:
+                rec.blocked_until = now + self._cooldown
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Login blocked for %s after %d failures", ip, rec.failures
+                )
+
+    def record_success(self, ip: str) -> None:
+        with self._lock:
+            self._store.pop(ip, None)
+```
+
+### `api/app/config.py` additions
+
+```python
+login_max_failures: int = 5
+login_window_seconds: int = 300
+login_cooldown_seconds: int = 900
+login_trusted_proxy_ips: str = ""  # comma-separated IPs/CIDRs; empty = disabled
+```
+
+### `api/app/main.py` lifespan update
+
+```python
+import ipaddress
+
+from app.auth.rate_limiter import LoginRateLimiter
+
+@asynccontextmanager
+async def lifespan(application: FastAPI):
+    settings = get_settings()
+    application.state.login_rate_limiter = LoginRateLimiter(
+        max_failures=settings.login_max_failures,
+        window_seconds=settings.login_window_seconds,
+        cooldown_seconds=settings.login_cooldown_seconds,
+    )
+    trusted_networks = []
+    for part in settings.login_trusted_proxy_ips.split(","):
+        part = part.strip()
+        if part:
+            try:
+                trusted_networks.append(ipaddress.ip_network(part, strict=False))
+            except ValueError:
+                pass  # invalid entry — skip silently
+    application.state.login_trusted_networks = trusted_networks
+    # ... existing DB setup unchanged
+    engine = get_engine()
+    async with engine.begin() as conn:
+        await conn.run_sync(Base.metadata.create_all)
+    yield
+    await engine.dispose()
+```
+
+### `api/app/routers/auth.py` update
+
+```python
+from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends, HTTPException, Request
+from fastapi.responses import JSONResponse
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+from app.auth.jwt_provider import JWTAuthProvider
+from app.auth.rate_limiter import LoginRateLimiter, get_client_ip
+from app.dependencies import get_jwt_auth
+
+router = APIRouter(tags=["auth"])
+
+
+class LoginRequest(BaseModel):
+    username: str
+    password: str
+
+
+class TokenResponse(BaseModel):
+    access_token: str
+    token_type: str = "bearer"
+    expires_in: int
+
+
+@router.post("/auth/token", response_model=TokenResponse)
+async def login(
+    request: Request,
+    body: LoginRequest,
+    auth: JWTAuthProvider = Depends(get_jwt_auth),
+):
+    limiter: LoginRateLimiter = request.app.state.login_rate_limiter
+    ip: str = get_client_ip(request, request.app.state.login_trusted_networks)
+
+    if limiter.is_blocked(ip):
+        return JSONResponse(
+            status_code=429,
+            content={
+                "detail": "Too many failed login attempts. Please try again later.",
+                "code": "login_rate_limited",
+            },
+            headers={"Retry-After": str(limiter.cooldown_seconds)},
+        )
+
+    if not auth.verify_credentials(body.username, body.password):
+        limiter.record_failure(ip)
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=401,
+            detail={"detail": "Invalid credentials", "code": "invalid_credentials"},
+        )
+
+    limiter.record_success(ip)
+    token = auth.create_token()
+    return TokenResponse(
+        access_token=token,
+        token_type="bearer",
+        expires_in=auth._expiry_seconds,
+    )
+```
+
+### `api/tests/unit/test_rate_limiter.py` (representative cases)
+
+```python
+import time
+import pytest
+from app.auth.rate_limiter import LoginRateLimiter
+
+
+def test_not_blocked_initially():
+    limiter = LoginRateLimiter(max_failures=3, window_seconds=60, cooldown_seconds=300)
+    assert limiter.is_blocked("1.2.3.4") is False
+
+
+def test_blocked_after_threshold():
+    limiter = LoginRateLimiter(max_failures=3, window_seconds=60, cooldown_seconds=300)
+    for _ in range(3):
+        limiter.record_failure("1.2.3.4")
+    assert limiter.is_blocked("1.2.3.4") is True
+
+
+def test_success_clears_failures():
+    limiter = LoginRateLimiter(max_failures=3, window_seconds=60, cooldown_seconds=300)
+    limiter.record_failure("1.2.3.4")
+    limiter.record_failure("1.2.3.4")
+    limiter.record_success("1.2.3.4")
+    assert limiter.is_blocked("1.2.3.4") is False
+
+
+def test_ips_are_isolated():
+    limiter = LoginRateLimiter(max_failures=2, window_seconds=60, cooldown_seconds=300)
+    limiter.record_failure("1.1.1.1")
+    limiter.record_failure("1.1.1.1")
+    assert limiter.is_blocked("2.2.2.2") is False
+```
+
+### `api/tests/integration/test_login_rate_limit.py` (representative cases)
+
+```python
+import pytest
+from httpx import AsyncClient
+
+# Uses the 'client' fixture (NoOpAuthProvider) from conftest — sufficient for this
+# endpoint since we're testing the rate-limit layer, not auth correctness.
+# The login endpoint instantiates its own limiter via app.state, so we need
+# the full ASGI app.
+
+BAD_CREDS = {"username": "attacker", "password": "wrong"}
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_repeated_failures_trigger_429(client: AsyncClient):
+    # Use a custom limiter with low threshold to avoid slow tests
+    # (the app.state.login_rate_limiter is set in lifespan; override for test)
+    from app.auth.rate_limiter import LoginRateLimiter
+    from app.main import app
+    original = app.state.login_rate_limiter
+    app.state.login_rate_limiter = LoginRateLimiter(
+        max_failures=3, window_seconds=60, cooldown_seconds=30
+    )
+    try:
+        for _ in range(3):
+            await client.post("/api/v1/auth/token", json=BAD_CREDS)
+        resp = await client.post("/api/v1/auth/token", json=BAD_CREDS)
+        assert resp.status_code == 429
+        assert resp.json()["code"] == "login_rate_limited"
+        assert "Retry-After" in resp.headers
+    finally:
+        app.state.login_rate_limiter = original
+```
+
+---
+
+## Implementation Phases
+
+### Phase 1 (MVP — P1): Blocking after repeated failures
+
+1. Add `login_max_failures`, `login_window_seconds`, `login_cooldown_seconds`, `login_trusted_proxy_ips` to `api/app/config.py`
+2. Create `api/app/auth/rate_limiter.py` with `LoginRateLimiter` and `get_client_ip()`
+3. Initialize rate limiter and parse trusted networks in `api/app/main.py` lifespan; attach both to `app.state`
+4. Update `api/app/routers/auth.py` to resolve client IP via `get_client_ip()`, then check + record outcomes
+5. Unit tests: `api/tests/unit/test_rate_limiter.py`
+6. Integration tests: `api/tests/integration/test_login_rate_limit.py`
+
+### Phase 2 (US2 — observability): Logging and response hints
+
+Delivered as part of Phase 1 (the `logger.warning(...)` call and `Retry-After` header
+are embedded in the same implementation). No separate phase needed.
+
+---
+
+## Environment Variables to Add to `.env.example`
+
+```dotenv
+# Login brute-force protection
+LOGIN_MAX_FAILURES=5
+LOGIN_WINDOW_SECONDS=300
+LOGIN_COOLDOWN_SECONDS=900
+# Comma-separated IPs/CIDRs of trusted upstream proxies (e.g. nginx ingress pod CIDR).
+# Leave empty when not behind a reverse proxy.
+LOGIN_TRUSTED_PROXY_IPS=
+```
+
+These are optional (have defaults) so existing `.env` files without them continue working.

specs/009-login-rate-limiting/quickstart.md

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+# Quickstart: Login Brute-Force Protection
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+- API running (via `docker compose up` or locally with `.env` set)
+- `curl` available
+
+---
+
+## Scenario 1: Trigger the rate limiter
+
+Send 6 consecutive failed login attempts (default threshold is 5):
+
+```bash
+for i in $(seq 1 6); do
+  echo "Attempt $i:"
+  curl -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}\n" \
+    -X POST http://localhost:8000/api/v1/auth/token \
+    -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+    -d '{"username": "wrong", "password": "wrong"}'
+done
+```
+
+Expected output:
+```
+Attempt 1: 401
+Attempt 2: 401
+Attempt 3: 401
+Attempt 4: 401
+Attempt 5: 401
+Attempt 6: 429
+```
+
+The 6th attempt returns 429. Inspect the headers:
+
+```bash
+curl -i -X POST http://localhost:8000/api/v1/auth/token \
+  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+  -d '{"username": "wrong", "password": "wrong"}'
+```
+
+Expected headers include:
+```
+HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
+Retry-After: 900
+```
+
+Expected body:
+```json
+{"detail": "Too many failed login attempts. Please try again later.", "code": "login_rate_limited"}
+```
+
+---
+
+## Scenario 2: Successful login resets the counter
+
+Make some failed attempts, then log in with valid credentials:
+
+```bash
+# Fail twice
+for i in 1 2; do
+  curl -s -o /dev/null -w "fail $i: %{http_code}\n" \
+    -X POST http://localhost:8000/api/v1/auth/token \
+    -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+    -d '{"username": "wrong", "password": "wrong"}'
+done
+
+# Succeed — resets counter
+curl -s -o /dev/null -w "success: %{http_code}\n" \
+  -X POST http://localhost:8000/api/v1/auth/token \
+  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+  -d '{"username": "'"$OWNER_USERNAME"'", "password": "'"$OWNER_PASSWORD"'"}'
+
+# Now fail 5 more times — counter was reset, so no 429 yet
+for i in $(seq 1 5); do
+  curl -s -o /dev/null -w "fail after reset $i: %{http_code}\n" \
+    -X POST http://localhost:8000/api/v1/auth/token \
+    -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+    -d '{"username": "wrong", "password": "wrong"}'
+done
+```
+
+Expected: all "fail after reset" lines return 401 (not 429), confirming the counter was reset.
+
+---
+
+## Scenario 3: Observe log output
+
+While triggering the rate limiter (Scenario 1), watch API logs:
+
+```bash
+docker compose logs -f api
+```
+
+After the threshold is crossed you should see a line like:
+
+```
+WARNING  app.auth.rate_limiter:rate_limiter.py:NN Login blocked for 172.18.0.1 after 5 failures
+```
+
+---
+
+## Environment variable overrides
+
+To test with a lower threshold without code changes:
+
+```bash
+LOGIN_MAX_FAILURES=2 LOGIN_WINDOW_SECONDS=60 LOGIN_COOLDOWN_SECONDS=30 \
+  uvicorn app.main:app --reload
+```
+
+Then only 2 failures trigger the lockout, and it clears after 30 seconds.

specs/009-login-rate-limiting/research.md

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+# Research: Login Brute-Force Protection
+
+## Decision 1: Library vs. custom implementation
+
+**Decision**: Custom in-memory failure tracker (no new library dependency)
+
+**Rationale**: The requirement is to count *failed* login attempts specifically and reset on success — not to rate-limit all requests regardless of outcome. Popular libraries like `slowapi` count all requests to a route, which would break FR-004 (reset on success) without significant workarounds. A purpose-built 60-line class is simpler, more auditable, and has no dependency footprint.
+
+**Alternatives considered**:
+- `slowapi` (built on `limits`): Counts all requests, not failures. Requires patching the exception handler to decrement on success — fragile and non-obvious.
+- `slowapi` with a custom key function: Could be done, but the library's storage model doesn't expose a "reset this key" API in a clean way.
+- Redis-backed counter: Overkill for a single-user personal app with one instance. No new infrastructure justified.
+
+---
+
+## Decision 2: Fixed window vs. sliding window
+
+**Decision**: Fixed window with per-source reset on successful login
+
+**Rationale**: Fixed window is simpler to implement correctly and sufficient for this use case. The main attack — rapid sequential guessing — is fully addressed. The known "burst at window boundary" weakness is irrelevant here because: (a) the cooldown period is separate from the counting window, and (b) a successful login resets the counter entirely.
+
+**Alternatives considered**:
+- Sliding window: More accurate, but adds complexity (requires storing timestamps of each request). The marginal security benefit doesn't justify the implementation cost for a personal single-user app.
+
+---
+
+## Decision 3: In-memory backing store
+
+**Decision**: Python `dict` keyed by source IP, protected by a threading `Lock`
+
+**Rationale**: The application runs as a single process. In-memory storage means counters reset on restart — this is acceptable and matches the "fail open" assumption in the spec. No new infrastructure (Redis, database table) is required.
+
+**Alternatives considered**:
+- Database-backed counters: Persistent across restarts, but adds a DB round-trip to every login request (including successful ones). Not justified.
+- Redis: Distributed-safe and persistent, but requires a new service dependency. Out of scope for a personal single-instance app.
+
+---
+
+## Decision 4: Source identifier
+
+**Decision**: `request.client.host` (the TCP peer address)
+
+**Rationale**: The spec explicitly states not to trust `X-Forwarded-For` headers unless the app is known to be behind a trusted proxy. `request.client.host` in Starlette/FastAPI is the actual TCP peer IP — it cannot be spoofed by an attacker sending arbitrary headers.
+
+**Alternatives considered**:
+- `X-Forwarded-For` first value: Spoofable if the app is not behind a trusted proxy (attacker can set arbitrary header values).
+- `X-Real-IP`: Same spoofing concern.
+
+---
+
+## Decision 5: 429 response and Retry-After header
+
+**Decision**: Return HTTP 429 with `{"detail": "...", "code": "login_rate_limited"}` and a `Retry-After` header set to the configured cooldown duration in seconds
+
+**Rationale**: HTTP 429 is the standard "Too Many Requests" status. The `Retry-After` header is explicitly mentioned in the spec (US2 acceptance scenario) and is required by RFC 6585 for rate-limit responses. Setting it to the *configured* cooldown (not the exact remaining time) satisfies FR-005: it doesn't reveal precise expiry, just the maximum wait. The response body follows §3.3 of the constitution (error envelope with `detail` and `code`).
+
+---
+
+## Decision 6: Default threshold values
+
+**Decision**: `LOGIN_MAX_FAILURES=5`, `LOGIN_WINDOW_SECONDS=300` (5 min), `LOGIN_COOLDOWN_SECONDS=900` (15 min)
+
+**Rationale**: Industry standard for web apps. 5 attempts is enough for legitimate typos but makes brute-force infeasible at human scale. A 5-minute counting window matches typical "I fat-fingered my password" retry patterns. A 15-minute cooldown is a meaningful deterrent without locking out a legitimate owner indefinitely.
+
+**Alternatives considered**:
+- 3 failures / 60 s window / 300 s cooldown: More aggressive, but too likely to lock out the legitimate owner on a bad day.
+- 10 failures: Too permissive for a brute-force defense.

specs/009-login-rate-limiting/spec.md

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+# Feature Specification: Login Brute-Force Protection
+
+**Feature Branch**: `009-login-rate-limiting`  
+**Created**: 2026-05-06  
+**Status**: Draft  
+**Input**: User description: "Login API endpoints should be rate limited or otherwise protected against brute force attacks"
+
+## User Scenarios & Testing *(mandatory)*
+
+### User Story 1 - Repeated failed logins are blocked (Priority: P1)
+
+An attacker (or misconfigured client) sending many rapid login attempts with the wrong password is slowed or blocked before they can exhaustively guess credentials. After a threshold number of consecutive failures from the same source, the system refuses further attempts for a cooldown period and returns a clear, non-leaking error.
+
+**Why this priority**: Directly prevents credential-stuffing and brute-force attacks against the sole privileged account. Without this, the owner account is exposed to automated password guessing with no friction.
+
+**Independent Test**: Send more than the allowed number of failed login requests in quick succession and confirm that subsequent attempts are rejected with a rate-limit or lockout response — without knowing or changing the real password.
+
+**Acceptance Scenarios**:
+
+1. **Given** an attacker sends N+1 failed login attempts within the configured window, **When** the (N+1)th request arrives, **Then** the system returns an error response indicating the request is blocked (not the normal "invalid credentials" error) and does not process the login attempt.
+2. **Given** a legitimate user has been temporarily blocked after too many failures, **When** the cooldown period elapses and they retry with the correct password, **Then** they are logged in successfully.
+3. **Given** a legitimate user makes a few failed attempts and then waits beyond the cooldown window, **When** they retry within the next window, **Then** their failure counter resets and they are not blocked.
+
+---
+
+### User Story 2 - Operators can observe and reason about blocking activity (Priority: P2)
+
+When the protection triggers, the system produces enough observable signal (log entries, response metadata) that an operator can confirm the feature is working, diagnose false positives, and tune thresholds — without exposing sensitive details to the client.
+
+**Why this priority**: Invisible security controls are unmanageable. Operators need to know the system is doing what it claims, and blocked legitimate users need a clear (but not exploitable) explanation.
+
+**Independent Test**: Trigger the rate limiter and confirm that: (a) the response body or headers communicate that the request was blocked and when the client may retry; (b) the server logs an entry identifying the blocked source and the reason.
+
+**Acceptance Scenarios**:
+
+1. **Given** a source is blocked, **When** they receive the rejection response, **Then** the response indicates they should wait before retrying (e.g., a `Retry-After` hint) without disclosing the exact threshold values.
+2. **Given** the rate limiter fires, **When** an operator inspects server logs, **Then** there is a log entry at WARNING level or above recording the blocked source and timestamp.
+
+---
+
+### Edge Cases
+
+- What happens when a distributed attacker rotates IPs to avoid per-IP limits?
+- How does the system behave if the backing store for rate-limit counters is temporarily unavailable — does it fail open (allow all) or fail closed (block all)?
+- Are IPv6 addresses and IPv4-mapped-IPv6 addresses treated consistently?
+- Does a successful login reset the failure counter for that source?
+- What happens if many legitimate users share a NAT/proxy IP (e.g., corporate network)?
+- What if `TRUSTED_PROXY_IPS` is configured to include an IP that an external attacker controls? (An attacker could then spoof `X-Forwarded-For` and rotate fake source IPs to bypass the rate limiter — operators must only list genuinely trusted upstream infrastructure.)
+
+## Requirements *(mandatory)*
+
+### Functional Requirements
+
+- **FR-001**: The system MUST enforce a maximum number of failed login attempts per source identifier (the resolved client IP address) within a rolling time window before blocking further attempts.
+- **FR-002**: Once a source exceeds the failure threshold, the system MUST reject subsequent login requests for a configurable cooldown period, returning a distinct response (not the normal invalid-credentials response).
+- **FR-003**: After the cooldown period expires, the system MUST permit the source to attempt login again, resetting its failure count.
+- **FR-004**: A successful login MUST reset the failure counter for that source, preventing accumulation of old failures from blocking future legitimate access.
+- **FR-005**: The rejection response MUST NOT reveal the specific threshold values or remaining lockout duration in a way that aids an attacker in timing their attempts, but MUST provide enough information (e.g., "try again later") for a legitimate user to understand the situation.
+- **FR-006**: The system MUST log a structured warning event whenever a source is blocked, including the source identifier and timestamp.
+- **FR-007**: Rate-limit thresholds (maximum attempts, window duration, cooldown duration) MUST be configurable without code changes.
+- **FR-008**: The system MUST support a configurable list of trusted upstream proxy IP addresses and CIDR ranges. When the TCP peer address matches a trusted proxy, the resolved client IP MUST be extracted from the `X-Forwarded-For` request header (first entry) or, if absent, `X-Real-IP`. When no trusted proxies are configured, the TCP peer address MUST be used directly and forwarded-IP headers MUST be ignored.
+
+### Key Entities
+
+- **Rate-limit record**: Tracks the number of consecutive failures and the window start time for a given source identifier; expires automatically after the cooldown period.
+- **Source identifier**: The resolved client IP address used to key rate-limit records. When `LOGIN_TRUSTED_PROXY_IPS` is empty (default), this is the TCP peer address. When one or more proxy IPs/CIDRs are configured and the TCP peer matches, the first `X-Forwarded-For` entry (or `X-Real-IP`) is used instead.
+
+## Success Criteria *(mandatory)*
+
+### Measurable Outcomes
+
+- **SC-001**: An automated script sending 100 consecutive failed login requests completes with at least 90 of those requests rejected after the threshold is crossed — verified in a controlled test environment.
+- **SC-002**: A legitimate user who has been temporarily blocked can successfully log in within 5 minutes of the cooldown period expiring without any manual intervention.
+- **SC-003**: Zero information about threshold values or exact lockout expiry is present in blocked response bodies or headers.
+- **SC-004**: Every blocking event produces a corresponding log entry; 100% of triggered blocking events are observable in logs during testing.
+
+## Assumptions
+
+- The application has a single login endpoint used by all clients (the owner login introduced in feature 004).
+- Source identification uses the resolved client IP address. By default (when `LOGIN_TRUSTED_PROXY_IPS` is empty) this is the TCP peer address. When one or more proxy IPs/CIDRs are configured, the first entry of `X-Forwarded-For` (or `X-Real-IP`) is used instead — but only when the TCP peer is in the trusted list, preventing header spoofing by external clients.
+- If the rate-limit backing store is unavailable, the system fails open (allows the attempt through) rather than blocking all logins — this preserves the owner's access, which is critical for a single-user admin application.
+- No CAPTCHA or multi-factor step is in scope; protection is purely count/time-based.
+- The feature targets the login endpoint only; other endpoints are out of scope.
+- The single-user nature of the app means IP-based identification is sufficient — there is no need for per-username lockout, and using IP (rather than username) avoids contributing to username enumeration risk.

specs/009-login-rate-limiting/tasks.md

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+# Tasks: Login Brute-Force Protection
+
+**Input**: Design documents from `specs/009-login-rate-limiting/`
+**Prerequisites**: plan.md ✅, spec.md ✅, research.md ✅, data-model.md ✅, contracts/auth.md ✅, quickstart.md ✅
+
+**Tests**: TDD is non-negotiable (§5.1). Every test task appears before the implementation task it covers. For each red step, run the test and confirm it fails before proceeding to the implementation.
+
+**Organization**: Phase 1 adds env vars; Phase 2 adds config fields (shared by both stories); Phase 3 implements the core blocking behaviour (US1 MVP); Phase 4 adds observability-specific test coverage (US2); Phase 5 is polish.
+
+## Format: `[ID] [P?] [Story] Description`
+
+- **[P]**: Can run in parallel with other [P] tasks in the same phase
+- **[Story]**: Which user story this task belongs to
+- Exact file paths included in every task description
+
+---
+
+## Phase 1: Setup
+
+- [X] T001 Add a `# Login brute-force protection` comment block with `LOGIN_MAX_FAILURES=5`, `LOGIN_WINDOW_SECONDS=300`, `LOGIN_COOLDOWN_SECONDS=900`, and `LOGIN_TRUSTED_PROXY_IPS=` (empty by default, with an inline comment explaining it accepts comma-separated IPs/CIDRs) to both `.env.example` and `.env.test.example` at the repo root
+
+---
+
+## Phase 2: Foundational
+
+**Purpose**: Add the three new settings fields — required before any story implementation.
+
+- [X] T002 Add `login_max_failures: int = 5`, `login_window_seconds: int = 300`, `login_cooldown_seconds: int = 900`, `login_trusted_proxy_ips: str = ""` to the `Settings` class in `api/app/config.py` (append after `owner_password`)
+
+**Checkpoint**: `api/app/config.py` accepts all three new env vars with defaults.
+
+---
+
+## Phase 3: User Story 1 — Repeated failed logins are blocked (Priority: P1) 🎯 MVP
+
+**Goal**: After `LOGIN_MAX_FAILURES` consecutive failed login attempts from the same source IP within `LOGIN_WINDOW_SECONDS`, `POST /api/v1/auth/token` returns HTTP 429 for `LOGIN_COOLDOWN_SECONDS`. A successful login resets the counter.
+
+**Independent Test**: `cd api && python -m pytest tests/unit/test_rate_limiter.py tests/integration/test_login_rate_limit.py::test_repeated_failures_trigger_429 tests/integration/test_login_rate_limit.py::test_success_resets_counter tests/integration/test_login_rate_limit.py::test_429_has_retry_after_header tests/integration/test_login_rate_limit.py::test_xff_header_ignored_when_no_trusted_networks -v` — all pass.
+
+### Tests for User Story 1 (TDD red — write first, confirm failure before T005)
+
+- [X] T003 [P] [US1] Create `api/tests/unit/test_rate_limiter.py` with ten failing unit tests — import `LoginRateLimiter` and `get_client_ip` from `app.auth.rate_limiter`; for `LoginRateLimiter` (instantiate with `max_failures=3, window_seconds=60, cooldown_seconds=300`): `test_not_blocked_initially`, `test_blocked_after_threshold`, `test_success_clears_failures`, `test_ips_are_isolated`, `test_window_resets_after_expiry`, `test_log_warning_on_lockout` (caplog at WARNING level: call `record_failure()` until threshold, assert `"Login blocked" in caplog.text` and IP in log output); for `get_client_ip` (construct a mock using `from unittest.mock import MagicMock` and `from starlette.requests import Request`: `req = MagicMock(spec=Request); req.client.host = "10.0.0.1"; req.headers = {"X-Forwarded-For": "203.0.113.5"}`): `test_get_client_ip_no_trusted_networks_returns_peer` (empty `trusted_networks=[]` → returns `req.client.host`), `test_get_client_ip_trusted_peer_uses_xff` (peer `"10.0.0.1"` in trusted CIDR `"10.0.0.0/8"` → returns `"203.0.113.5"`), `test_get_client_ip_untrusted_peer_ignores_xff` (peer `"8.8.8.8"` not in trusted CIDR `"10.0.0.0/8"` → returns `"8.8.8.8"` despite XFF), `test_get_client_ip_trusted_peer_falls_back_to_real_ip` (peer trusted, no XFF header, `X-Real-IP: "203.0.113.9"` → returns `"203.0.113.9"`); run `python -m pytest tests/unit/test_rate_limiter.py -v` and confirm `ImportError` or `ModuleNotFoundError` (red)
+- [X] T004 [P] [US1] Create `api/tests/integration/test_login_rate_limit.py` with four failing integration tests; each must override both `app.state.login_rate_limiter` (fresh `LoginRateLimiter(max_failures=3, window_seconds=60, cooldown_seconds=30)`) and `app.state.login_trusted_networks` (set to `[]` for all four tests — the `ASGITransport` peer is `"testclient"`, not a valid IP, so trusted-network matching can't be exercised here; proxy extraction is fully covered by T003 unit tests) via try/finally: (1) `test_repeated_failures_trigger_429` — POST three bad-credential requests then assert fourth returns 429 with `resp.json()["code"] == "login_rate_limited"`; (2) `test_success_resets_counter` — two failures → one valid login using `{"username": os.environ["OWNER_USERNAME"], "password": os.environ["OWNER_PASSWORD"]}` (matching conftest.py defaults: `testowner`/`testpassword`) → three more failures → assert all three return 401, not 429; (3) `test_429_has_retry_after_header` — trigger lockout (three failures), then assert `"Retry-After" in resp.headers` and `int(resp.headers["Retry-After"]) > 0`; (4) `test_xff_header_ignored_when_no_trusted_networks` — send three bad-cred requests with `headers={"X-Forwarded-For": "1.2.3.4"}` then a fourth with `headers={"X-Forwarded-For": "9.9.9.9"}` — assert the fourth returns 429 (not 401), proving the limiter tracked the real peer `"testclient"` for all requests and XFF was ignored; run `python -m pytest tests/integration/test_login_rate_limit.py -v` and confirm failure (red)
+
+### Implementation for User Story 1
+
+- [X] T005 [US1] Create `api/app/auth/rate_limiter.py` with two exports: (1) `get_client_ip(request: Request, trusted_networks: list[IPv4Network | IPv6Network]) -> str` — imports `ipaddress`, `from ipaddress import IPv4Network, IPv6Network`, `from starlette.requests import Request`; extracts `peer = request.client.host if request.client else "unknown"`; if `trusted_networks` is non-empty and peer is parseable as an IP address and falls within any trusted network, returns first `X-Forwarded-For` entry (strip whitespace) or `X-Real-IP` value, otherwise returns `peer`; wraps `ipaddress.ip_address(peer)` in `try/except ValueError` and falls back to `peer` on error; (2) `LoginRateLimiter` class: `__init__(self, max_failures: int = 5, window_seconds: int = 300, cooldown_seconds: int = 900)` storing params as `_max`, `_window`, `_cooldown`; `_store: dict[str, _Record]` and `_lock: threading.Lock`; `@dataclass _Record` with `failures: int = 0`, `window_start: float = field(default_factory=time.time)`, `blocked_until: float = 0.0`; `is_blocked(ip: str) -> bool`, `record_failure(ip: str) -> None` (logs WARNING on lockout), `record_success(ip: str) -> None`, `cooldown_seconds` property; stdlib imports: `import ipaddress, logging, time`, `from dataclasses import dataclass, field`, `from threading import Lock`
+- [X] T006 [US1] Update `api/app/main.py` lifespan: add `import ipaddress` at top; import `LoginRateLimiter` from `app.auth.rate_limiter`; inside `lifespan` before `engine = get_engine()`, consolidate to `settings = get_settings()` (remove the existing bare `get_settings()` call), then set `application.state.login_rate_limiter = LoginRateLimiter(max_failures=settings.login_max_failures, window_seconds=settings.login_window_seconds, cooldown_seconds=settings.login_cooldown_seconds)`; then parse `settings.login_trusted_proxy_ips` — split on `","`, strip each part, skip empty strings, call `ipaddress.ip_network(part, strict=False)` inside a `try/except ValueError` (skip invalid entries silently), collect results into `trusted_networks: list`; set `application.state.login_trusted_networks = trusted_networks`
+- [X] T007 [US1] Update `api/app/routers/auth.py` login endpoint: add `Request` to FastAPI imports and add `from fastapi.responses import JSONResponse`; add `from app.auth.rate_limiter import LoginRateLimiter, get_client_ip`; add `request: Request` as first parameter to `login()`; extract `limiter: LoginRateLimiter = request.app.state.login_rate_limiter` and `ip: str = get_client_ip(request, request.app.state.login_trusted_networks)`; add guard block — if `limiter.is_blocked(ip)`: return `JSONResponse(status_code=429, content={"detail": "Too many failed login attempts. Please try again later.", "code": "login_rate_limited"}, headers={"Retry-After": str(limiter.cooldown_seconds)})`; after `verify_credentials` returns False: call `limiter.record_failure(ip)` before the existing `HTTPException`; after `auth.create_token()`: call `limiter.record_success(ip)` before returning `TokenResponse`
+- [X] T008 [US1] Verify TDD green: run `cd api && python -m pytest tests/unit/test_rate_limiter.py -v` — all 10 pass; run `make test-integration` — all tests pass including `test_repeated_failures_trigger_429`, `test_success_resets_counter`, `test_429_has_retry_after_header`, and `test_xff_header_ignored_when_no_trusted_networks`
+
+**Checkpoint**: Brute-force blocking is live. Automated repeated failures are stopped after threshold; the owner can still log in after cooldown; unit and integration tests pass.
+
+---
+
+## Phase 4: User Story 2 — Operators can observe blocking activity (Priority: P2)
+
+**Goal**: The 429 response includes a `Retry-After` header with a positive integer; the response body `code` is `"login_rate_limited"` and contains no threshold numeric values; server logs a WARNING when blocking triggers.
+
+**Independent Test**: Trigger the rate limiter (already works from Phase 3) and assert `Retry-After` header is present in the response and `code` field is `"login_rate_limited"`.
+
+### Tests for User Story 2 (TDD red — extend existing file)
+
+- [X] T009 [US2] Add one test to `api/tests/integration/test_login_rate_limit.py` targeting observability properties not yet covered: `test_429_body_shape` — override `app.state.login_rate_limiter` with a fresh `LoginRateLimiter(max_failures=3, window_seconds=60, cooldown_seconds=30)` via try/finally (same isolation pattern as T004), trigger lockout (three failures), then assert `resp.json() == {"detail": "Too many failed login attempts. Please try again later.", "code": "login_rate_limited"}` (exact match — confirms no threshold values leak and shape is correct); confirm this test is green immediately against the US1 implementation (T007 already returns this exact body)
+
+**Checkpoint**: US2 observability properties are explicitly exercised by integration tests; a future regression in the Retry-After header or code field will be caught.
+
+---
+
+## Phase 5: Polish & Cross-Cutting Concerns
+
+- [X] T010 Run `cd api && ruff check app/auth/rate_limiter.py app/routers/auth.py app/config.py app/main.py tests/unit/test_rate_limiter.py tests/integration/test_login_rate_limit.py` — fix any violations
+
+---
+
+## Dependencies & Execution Order
+
+### Phase Dependencies
+
+- **Phase 1 (Setup)**: No external dependencies — can start immediately
+- **Phase 2 (Foundational)**: No external dependencies — can start immediately (parallel with Phase 1)
+- **Phase 3 (US1)**: Depends on Phase 2 (T002 must exist before T006 can use `settings.login_max_failures`)
+- **Phase 4 (US2)**: Depends on Phase 3 (tests verify behaviour implemented in T007)
+- **Phase 5 (Polish)**: Depends on all prior phases
+
+### Within Phase 3
+
+- T003 ∥ T004 (different files, no dependency — write tests in parallel)
+- T005 after T003, T004 (implement after tests confirm they fail)
+- T006 ∥ T007 after T005 (both import from `rate_limiter.py`; write to different files — `main.py` and `auth.py`; T006 sets `app.state.login_trusted_networks` which T007's router reads)
+- T008 after T005, T006, T007 (verify all pass)
+
+### Execution Order Summary
+
+```
+Step 1: T001 ∥ T002 (setup + foundational — parallel, different files)
+Step 2: T003 ∥ T004 (write failing tests — parallel)
+Step 3: T005 (implement LoginRateLimiter — after red tests confirmed)
+Step 4: T006 ∥ T007 (wire limiter into app — parallel, different files)
+Step 5: T008 (verify green)
+Step 6: T009 (US2 observability tests — verify green immediately)
+Step 7: T010 (ruff clean)
+```
+
+---
+
+## Implementation Strategy
+
+### MVP (US1 — the blocker)
+
+1. Complete T001–T002 (config setup)
+2. Complete T003–T008 (core blocking)
+3. **Validate**: Run `make test-integration` — all 88 existing tests still pass; 2 new rate-limit tests pass
+4. US2 adds verification coverage for already-implemented observability features
+
+### Incremental Delivery
+
+- After Phase 3: Brute-force attacks on the login endpoint are blocked — core security net is in place
+- After Phase 4: Observability properties are explicitly tested — regressions in headers/logs will be caught
+- After Phase 5: Lint clean, ready for merge

specs/010-api-prod-dockerfile/checklists/requirements.md

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# Specification Quality Checklist: Production-Grade API Container Image
+
+**Purpose**: Validate specification completeness and quality before proceeding to planning
+**Created**: 2026-05-07
+**Feature**: [spec.md](../spec.md)
+
+## Content Quality
+
+- [X] No implementation details (languages, frameworks, APIs)
+- [X] Focused on user value and business needs
+- [X] Written for non-technical stakeholders
+- [X] All mandatory sections completed
+
+## Requirement Completeness
+
+- [X] No [NEEDS CLARIFICATION] markers remain
+- [X] Requirements are testable and unambiguous
+- [X] Success criteria are measurable
+- [X] Success criteria are technology-agnostic (no implementation details)
+- [X] All acceptance scenarios are defined
+- [X] Edge cases are identified
+- [X] Scope is clearly bounded
+- [X] Dependencies and assumptions identified
+
+## Feature Readiness
+
+- [X] All functional requirements have clear acceptance criteria
+- [X] User scenarios cover primary flows
+- [X] Feature meets measurable outcomes defined in Success Criteria
+- [X] No implementation details leak into specification
+
+## Notes
+
+- All items pass. Ready for `/speckit-plan`.

specs/010-api-prod-dockerfile/contracts/container.md

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+# Contract: Production API Container Image
+
+This document defines the observable interface of the `reactbin-api-prod` container image. Any orchestration layer (Kubernetes manifests, Docker Compose, CI pipeline) MUST be written against this contract.
+
+---
+
+## Network Interface
+
+| Property | Value |
+|----------|-------|
+| Protocol | HTTP/1.1 |
+| Port | 8000 (TCP) |
+| Bind address | `0.0.0.0` (all interfaces inside the container) |
+
+---
+
+## Health Check
+
+The container exposes a health check at the existing API health endpoint:
+
+```
+GET /api/v1/health
+```
+
+**Success response** (`200 OK`):
+```json
+{ "status": "ok" }
+```
+
+The container declares a built-in `HEALTHCHECK` with the following defaults:
+
+| Parameter | Value |
+|-----------|-------|
+| Interval | 30s |
+| Timeout | 5s |
+| Start period | 10s |
+| Retries | 3 |
+
+Orchestrators that define their own probes (e.g. Kubernetes `livenessProbe` / `readinessProbe`) SHOULD use this same endpoint.
+
+---
+
+## Required Environment Variables
+
+All configuration is supplied at runtime via environment variables. The image contains no defaults for secret or environment-specific values.
+
+| Variable | Description | Example |
+|----------|-------------|---------|
+| `JWT_SECRET_KEY` | HS256 signing key for bearer tokens | `change-me-long-random-string` |
+| `OWNER_USERNAME` | Username of the single owner account | `owner` |
+| `OWNER_PASSWORD` | Password of the single owner account | `change-me` |
+| `DATABASE_URL` | PostgreSQL connection URL (asyncpg scheme) | `postgresql+asyncpg://user:pass@host:5432/db` |
+| `S3_ENDPOINT_URL` | S3-compatible object storage endpoint | `https://s3.amazonaws.com` |
+| `S3_BUCKET_NAME` | Storage bucket name | `reactbin-prod` |
+| `S3_ACCESS_KEY_ID` | Storage access key | `AKIAIOSFODNN7EXAMPLE` |
+| `S3_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY` | Storage secret key | `wJalrXUtnFEMI/K7MDENG` |
+| `S3_REGION` | Storage region | `us-east-1` |
+
+**Optional environment variables** (safe defaults apply):
+
+| Variable | Default | Description |
+|----------|---------|-------------|
+| `JWT_EXPIRY_SECONDS` | `86400` | Token lifetime in seconds |
+| `MAX_UPLOAD_BYTES` | `52428800` | Maximum upload file size (50 MB) |
+| `LOGIN_MAX_FAILURES` | `5` | Brute-force lock threshold |
+| `LOGIN_WINDOW_SECONDS` | `300` | Failure counting window |
+| `LOGIN_COOLDOWN_SECONDS` | `900` | Lock duration after threshold |
+| `LOGIN_TRUSTED_PROXY_IPS` | `` | Comma-separated trusted proxy CIDRs |
+| `API_BASE_URL` | _(not required at runtime)_ | Used only by client tooling |
+
+**Startup failure behaviour**: If a required variable is absent, the application exits with a non-zero code before accepting any requests. The error is logged to stderr identifying the missing variable.
+
+---
+
+## Signal Handling
+
+| Signal | Behaviour |
+|--------|-----------|
+| `SIGTERM` | Stop accepting new connections; drain in-flight requests; exit 0 within 30s |
+| `SIGKILL` | Immediate termination (OS-level; no graceful drain possible) |
+
+Kubernetes should configure `terminationGracePeriodSeconds ≥ 30` to allow the full drain window.
+
+---
+
+## Process Identity
+
+| Property | Value |
+|----------|-------|
+| User | `appuser` |
+| UID | `1001` |
+| GID | `1001` |
+| Root privileges | None |
+
+The container MUST NOT be run with `--privileged` or as UID 0.
+
+---
+
+## Filesystem
+
+- **Working directory**: `/app`
+- **Application source**: `/app/app/`
+- **Virtual environment**: `/app/.venv/`
+- **No writable state**: The container requires no persistent local storage. All state is in PostgreSQL and S3.
+- **Read-only root**: The container is compatible with `--read-only` (no writes to the filesystem at runtime).
+
+---
+
+## Logging
+
+All log output is written to **stdout** (info/debug) and **stderr** (warnings/errors). No log files are written inside the container. The container runtime log driver captures all output without additional configuration.
+
+---
+
+## Image Tags
+
+| Tag pattern | Meaning |
+|-------------|---------|
+| `reactbin-api-prod:latest` | Latest build from `master` |
+| `reactbin-api-prod:<git-sha>` | Immutable build for a specific commit |
+
+Deployments SHOULD pin to a specific git SHA tag, not `latest`.

specs/010-api-prod-dockerfile/plan.md

@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+# Implementation Plan: Production-Grade API Container Image
+
+**Branch**: `010-api-prod-dockerfile` | **Date**: 2026-05-07 | **Spec**: [spec.md](spec.md)
+**Input**: Feature specification from `specs/010-api-prod-dockerfile/spec.md`
+
+## Summary
+
+Produce a production-ready `api/Dockerfile.prod` using a two-stage build: a uv builder stage that installs lockfile-pinned, production-only dependencies into a virtual environment, and a lean `python:3.12-slim` runtime stage that contains only the venv, application source, and `curl` for health checks. The runtime process runs as a non-root user (UID 1001), handles SIGTERM gracefully via uvicorn's built-in drain, and logs exclusively to stdout/stderr. Behavioral verification is automated via a shell script (`api/tests/build/verify_production_image.sh`) written before the Dockerfile (§5.1 TDD).
+
+---
+
+## Technical Context
+
+**Language/Version**: Python 3.12 (existing API), Docker multi-stage build  
+**Build tool**: uv (lockfile: `api/uv.lock`, already committed)  
+**Base images**: `ghcr.io/astral-sh/uv:python3.12-bookworm-slim` (builder), `python:3.12-slim` (runtime)  
+**Testing**: Shell verification script (`verify_production_image.sh`) + `make verify-prod` target  
+**Target Platform**: linux/amd64 container (Kubernetes or Docker host)  
+**Performance Goals**: Container starts and passes health check within 30s; rebuild from warm cache in under 60s  
+**Constraints**: No root process, no hardcoded secrets, no dev deps in final image, compatible with `--read-only` filesystem  
+**Scale/Scope**: Single-file addition (`Dockerfile.prod`) + shell test + two Makefile targets; zero changes to existing source code
+
+---
+
+## Constitution Check
+
+*GATE: Must pass before Phase 0 research. Re-checked post-design below.*
+
+| Principle | Status | Notes |
+|-----------|--------|-------|
+| §5.1 TDD non-negotiable | **COMPLIANT** | `verify_production_image.sh` written before `Dockerfile.prod`; script fails (red) because the build file is absent, then passes (green) after |
+| §5.2 Test pyramid | **COMPLIANT** | Shell verification script is the integration-level test for this build artefact; no unit tests applicable (no Python business logic added) |
+| §5.4 CI must pass | **COMPLIANT** | `make verify-prod` target is runnable in host CI (requires Docker on the runner, which the existing `make test-integration` already requires) |
+| §6 Tech Stack — Docker | **COMPLIANT** | Docker + Docker Compose are mandated; this adds a production Docker file within that constraint |
+| §7.1 One-command local start | **COMPLIANT** | `api/Dockerfile` (dev stack) is unchanged; `docker compose up` is unaffected |
+| §7.2 Environment configuration | **COMPLIANT** | `Dockerfile.prod` contains zero hardcoded env values; all config is injected at runtime |
+| §7.3 Ruff/lint | **COMPLIANT** | No new Python files; shell script linted with `shellcheck` |
+| §2.6 No speculative abstraction | **COMPLIANT** | Single Dockerfile, no plugin system or generics |
+| §8 Scope boundaries | **COMPLIANT** | Purely infrastructure; no new API routes, data model, or UI changes |
+
+**Post-design re-check**: All gates remain green. No violations.
+
+---
+
+## Project Structure
+
+### Documentation (this feature)
+
+```text
+specs/010-api-prod-dockerfile/
+├── plan.md              # This file
+├── research.md          # Phase 0 decisions
+├── contracts/
+│   └── container.md     # Container interface contract (port, env vars, signals, user)
+├── quickstart.md        # Build and verification scenarios
+└── tasks.md             # Generated by /speckit-tasks
+```
+
+### Source Code Changes
+
+```text
+api/
+├── Dockerfile           # Existing dev/test image — UNCHANGED
+├── Dockerfile.prod      # NEW: production multi-stage image
+├── .dockerignore        # Existing — verify test files are excluded from build context
+└── tests/
+    └── build/
+        └── verify_production_image.sh   # NEW: TDD verification script (written first)
+
+Makefile                 # Root Makefile — add build-prod and verify-prod targets
+```
+
+---
+
+## Dockerfile.prod — Annotated Reference
+
+```dockerfile
+# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
+
+# ════════════════════════════════════════════════
+# Build stage: install production deps via uv
+# ════════════════════════════════════════════════
+FROM ghcr.io/astral-sh/uv:python3.12-bookworm-slim AS builder
+
+WORKDIR /app
+
+# Pre-compile bytecode; use copy mode for cross-layer compatibility
+ENV UV_COMPILE_BYTECODE=1 \
+    UV_LINK_MODE=copy \
+    UV_PYTHON_DOWNLOADS=never
+
+# ── Layer cache split: deps only (changes rarely) ──
+COPY pyproject.toml uv.lock ./
+RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache/uv \
+    uv sync --frozen --no-dev --no-install-project
+
+# ── Layer cache split: source (changes often) ──
+COPY app/ ./app/
+
+# ════════════════════════════════════════════════
+# Runtime stage: lean image with venv + source
+# ════════════════════════════════════════════════
+FROM python:3.12-slim
+
+WORKDIR /app
+
+# curl for HEALTHCHECK — only tool added beyond base Python
+RUN apt-get update \
+    && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends curl \
+    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+
+# Non-root system user (UID/GID 1001)
+RUN groupadd --system --gid 1001 appgroup \
+    && useradd --system --uid 1001 --gid 1001 --no-create-home appuser
+
+# Copy venv from builder; copy source directly from build context
+COPY --from=builder --chown=appuser:appgroup /app/.venv /app/.venv
+COPY --chown=appuser:appgroup app/ ./app/
+
+USER appuser
+
+# Activate the venv by prepending its bin to PATH
+ENV PATH="/app/.venv/bin:$PATH"
+
+EXPOSE 8000
+
+HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=5s --start-period=10s --retries=3 \
+    CMD curl -f http://localhost:8000/api/v1/health || exit 1
+
+# uvicorn handles SIGTERM; --timeout-graceful-shutdown gives 30s to drain requests
+CMD ["uvicorn", "app.main:app", \
+     "--host", "0.0.0.0", \
+     "--port", "8000", \
+     "--timeout-graceful-shutdown", "30"]
+```
+
+> **Note on COPY paths**: Build context is `api/` (as set by the Makefile target). `COPY app/ ./app/` in both stages refers to `api/app/`. The runtime stage copies source directly from the build context, not from the builder stage — this is simpler and avoids an extra intermediate layer.
+
+---
+
+## verify_production_image.sh — Structure
+
+```sh
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# TDD verification script for api/Dockerfile.prod
+# Fails (red) if Dockerfile.prod does not exist or any check fails.
+set -euo pipefail
+
+IMAGE="reactbin-api-prod:verify-$$"
+
+cleanup() { docker rm -f "$CONTAINER" 2>/dev/null || true; docker rmi "$IMAGE" 2>/dev/null || true; }
+trap cleanup EXIT
+
+# Step 1: Build — fails red if Dockerfile.prod is absent
+docker build -f api/Dockerfile.prod api/ -t "$IMAGE"
+
+# Step 2: Start container with minimal env vars
+CONTAINER=$(docker run -d -p 18000:8000 \
+  -e JWT_SECRET_KEY=verify-test-key \
+  -e OWNER_USERNAME=testowner \
+  -e OWNER_PASSWORD=testpassword \
+  -e DATABASE_URL=postgresql+asyncpg://noop:noop@noop/noop \
+  -e S3_ENDPOINT_URL=http://noop:9000 \
+  -e S3_BUCKET_NAME=noop \
+  -e S3_ACCESS_KEY_ID=noop \
+  -e S3_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=noop \
+  -e S3_REGION=us-east-1 \
+  "$IMAGE")
+
+# Step 3: Poll health endpoint (app will fail to connect to DB, but /health is pre-DB)
+for i in $(seq 1 30); do
+  if curl -sf http://localhost:18000/api/v1/health > /dev/null; then break; fi
+  sleep 1
+  [[ $i -eq 30 ]] && { echo "FAIL: health check timed out"; exit 1; }
+done
+
+# Step 4: Assert non-root user
+UID_IN_CONTAINER=$(docker exec "$CONTAINER" id -u)
+[[ "$UID_IN_CONTAINER" -ne 0 ]] || { echo "FAIL: process running as root"; exit 1; }
+
+# Step 5: Graceful shutdown
+docker stop "$CONTAINER"          # sends SIGTERM
+EXIT_CODE=$(docker wait "$CONTAINER")
+[[ "$EXIT_CODE" -eq 0 ]] || { echo "FAIL: non-zero exit code $EXIT_CODE"; exit 1; }
+
+# Step 6: Dev deps absent
+if docker run --rm "$IMAGE" /app/.venv/bin/python -c "import pytest" 2>/dev/null; then
+  echo "FAIL: pytest importable in production image (dev deps present)"; exit 1
+fi
+
+echo "All production image checks passed."
+```
+
+> **Note on health check feasibility**: `/api/v1/health` is a simple JSON response that does not require a database connection (confirmed in `api/app/main.py`). The verification script can therefore pass even without a real PostgreSQL instance.
+
+---
+
+## Makefile Targets
+
+Add to root `Makefile`:
+
+```makefile
+.PHONY: build-prod verify-prod
+
+build-prod:
+	docker build -f api/Dockerfile.prod api/ -t reactbin-api-prod:latest
+
+verify-prod:
+	bash api/tests/build/verify_production_image.sh
+```
+
+---
+
+## `.dockerignore` Review
+
+The existing `api/.dockerignore` already excludes `.venv/`, `__pycache__/`, `.env`, etc. Two additions improve the production build context:
+
+```
+tests/
+*.egg-info/
+alembic/
+alembic.ini
+```
+
+`tests/` and `alembic/` are not needed in the production image (we `COPY app/ ./app/` explicitly). Excluding them from the build context reduces the data sent to the Docker daemon.
+
+> `*.egg-info/` is already present in the existing `.dockerignore`.
+
+---
+
+## Implementation Order
+
+Tasks are generated by `/speckit-tasks`, but the logical dependency order is:
+
+1. **Write `verify_production_image.sh`** (TDD red — build fails because `Dockerfile.prod` absent)
+2. **Add `Makefile` targets** (`build-prod`, `verify-prod`) — references the script
+3. **Write `api/Dockerfile.prod`** (implement to make TDD pass)
+4. **Update `api/.dockerignore`** (exclude `tests/`, `alembic/` from build context)
+5. **Run `make verify-prod`** (TDD green — all 6 checks pass)
+6. **Run `shellcheck`** on `verify_production_image.sh`
+
+No existing tests are modified. `make test-integration` continues to use `api/Dockerfile` unchanged.

specs/010-api-prod-dockerfile/quickstart.md

@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+# Quickstart: Production API Container Image
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+- Docker 24+ installed and running on the host
+- `make` available
+- A copy of `.env` (or the env vars from `.env.example`) for smoke-testing
+
+---
+
+## Build the Production Image
+
+```sh
+make build-prod
+# Equivalent: docker build -f api/Dockerfile.prod api/ -t reactbin-api-prod:latest
+```
+
+On a warm cache (deps unchanged), the build should complete in under 60 seconds because the dependency layer is reused.
+
+---
+
+## Verify the Production Image (TDD Smoke Test)
+
+```sh
+make verify-prod
+```
+
+This runs `api/tests/build/verify_production_image.sh`, which:
+1. Builds the image (fails fast if `Dockerfile.prod` is missing — the **red** TDD state)
+2. Starts the container with test env vars
+3. Polls `/api/v1/health` until it returns 200 (or times out after 30s)
+4. Asserts the API process is running as a non-root user (UID ≠ 0)
+5. Sends SIGTERM and asserts the container exits with code 0 within 30s
+6. Asserts `pytest` is NOT importable inside the container (dev deps excluded)
+
+**Expected output (green)**:
+```
+[verify] Building reactbin-api-prod:test ...
+[verify] Build OK
+[verify] Starting container ...
+[verify] Health check passed (GET /api/v1/health → 200)
+[verify] Process user: 1001 (non-root ✓)
+[verify] Sending SIGTERM ...
+[verify] Container exited with code 0 (graceful shutdown ✓)
+[verify] Dev deps absent ✓
+[verify] All checks passed.
+```
+
+---
+
+## User Story Integration Scenarios
+
+### US1 — API Runs Reliably in Production
+
+```sh
+# Start container with real (or test) env vars
+docker run --rm -d \
+  --name reactbin-test \
+  -p 8000:8000 \
+  -e JWT_SECRET_KEY=my-secret \
+  -e OWNER_USERNAME=owner \
+  -e OWNER_PASSWORD=changeme \
+  -e DATABASE_URL=postgresql+asyncpg://user:pass@host:5432/db \
+  -e S3_ENDPOINT_URL=http://minio:9000 \
+  -e S3_BUCKET_NAME=reactbin \
+  -e S3_ACCESS_KEY_ID=minioadmin \
+  -e S3_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=minioadmin \
+  -e S3_REGION=us-east-1 \
+  reactbin-api-prod:latest
+
+# Check health
+curl http://localhost:8000/api/v1/health
+# → {"status":"ok"}
+
+# Graceful shutdown
+docker stop reactbin-test     # sends SIGTERM
+docker wait reactbin-test     # → exit code 0
+```
+
+### US2 — Minimal, Secure Container
+
+```sh
+# Verify non-root user
+docker inspect --format='{{.Config.User}}' reactbin-api-prod:latest
+# → appuser (or 1001)
+
+# Verify no dev packages (pytest should not be importable)
+docker run --rm reactbin-api-prod:latest \
+  /app/.venv/bin/python -c "import pytest" 2>&1
+# → ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'pytest'
+
+# Verify no source control or test files in image
+docker run --rm reactbin-api-prod:latest ls /app
+# → app  .venv   (no tests/, no alembic/, no .git/)
+```
+
+### US3 — Fast, Reproducible Builds
+
+```sh
+# First build (cold): installs all deps
+time docker build --no-cache -f api/Dockerfile.prod api/ -t reactbin-api-prod:cold
+
+# Touch a source file only (no dep change)
+touch api/app/main.py
+
+# Second build: dependency layer served from cache
+time docker build -f api/Dockerfile.prod api/ -t reactbin-api-prod:warm
+# Expect: warm build < 30s; cold build varies (network-dependent)
+
+# Confirm same health response from both
+docker run --rm ... reactbin-api-prod:cold
+docker run --rm ... reactbin-api-prod:warm
+```
+
+---
+
+## Missing Env Var Behaviour
+
+```sh
+docker run --rm \
+  -e JWT_SECRET_KEY=my-secret \
+  # OWNER_USERNAME intentionally omitted
+  reactbin-api-prod:latest
+# → Container exits non-zero, stderr logs: "field required: owner_username"
+```
+
+---
+
+## Read-Only Filesystem Compatibility
+
+```sh
+docker run --rm --read-only \
+  -e JWT_SECRET_KEY=... [other env vars] \
+  reactbin-api-prod:latest &
+
+curl http://localhost:8000/api/v1/health
+# → {"status":"ok"}
+```

specs/010-api-prod-dockerfile/research.md

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+# Research: Production API Container Image
+
+## Decision 1 — Use a Separate `Dockerfile.prod`
+
+**Decision**: Add `api/Dockerfile.prod` alongside the existing `api/Dockerfile`.
+
+**Rationale**: The existing `api/Dockerfile` installs dev dependencies (`.[dev]`), mounts source with `--reload`, and is used by the Docker Compose integration test stack. Modifying it would break `make test-integration`. A separate file keeps the two images independent with zero coupling.
+
+**Alternatives considered**:
+- Build-arg flag in a single Dockerfile: adds conditional complexity and makes both files harder to read.
+- Rename existing to `Dockerfile.dev` and make `Dockerfile` the production image: would require updating `docker-compose.test.yml` with an explicit file reference — a wider change than needed for this feature.
+
+---
+
+## Decision 2 — Multi-Stage Build: uv Builder + python:3.12-slim Runtime
+
+**Decision**: Two-stage build. Stage 1 (`builder`) uses `ghcr.io/astral-sh/uv:python3.12-bookworm-slim` to install production dependencies into a virtual environment. Stage 2 (`runtime`) uses `python:3.12-slim` and copies only the `.venv` and application source from the builder. uv is not present in the final image.
+
+**Rationale**: 
+- uv's official Docker image is the fastest, most correct way to produce a pinned, bytecode-compiled venv from `uv.lock`.
+- Keeping uv out of the runtime image reduces attack surface and image size.
+- `python:3.12-slim` is a well-maintained, widely scanned base; using it for the runtime stage aligns with existing project images.
+
+**Layer caching strategy**:
+```
+COPY pyproject.toml uv.lock ./
+RUN uv sync --frozen --no-dev --no-install-project   ← cache hits when only source changes
+COPY app/ ./app/                                       ← only reaches here on source changes
+```
+`--no-install-project` installs all listed dependencies without the project package itself. The project source is then copied separately. This means a source-only change reuses the dependency layer from cache.
+
+**Environment variables for optimal builds**:
+- `UV_COMPILE_BYTECODE=1` — pre-compile `.pyc` files; slightly larger venv but faster cold starts.
+- `UV_LINK_MODE=copy` — avoids hard-link issues when copying between image layers.
+- `UV_PYTHON_DOWNLOADS=never` — ensures the builder stage uses the bundled Python, not a downloaded one.
+
+**Alternatives considered**:
+- Installing deps into the system Python (`--system`): rejected because it pollutes the base image and makes it harder to copy deps cleanly into the runtime stage.
+- Using a single `FROM python:3.12-slim` with pip: slower builds, no lockfile pinning, no bytecode compilation step.
+
+---
+
+## Decision 3 — Non-Root User (UID 1001, System User)
+
+**Decision**: Create a system user `appuser` with GID/UID 1001 in the runtime stage. All owned files are `chown`-ed at `COPY` time using `--chown=appuser:appgroup`.
+
+**Rationale**: Running as root inside a container is a container breakout risk. A numeric UID (rather than a named user that might not exist on the host) is required by some Kubernetes pod security admission policies. UID 1001 avoids collision with UID 1000 (the typical first interactive user on a Linux host) while remaining a predictable, inspectable value.
+
+**Alternatives considered**:
+- UID 1000: small risk of collision with host user when bind mounts are involved.
+- `USER nobody`: `nobody` (UID 65534) works but its name and UID are not consistent across distros.
+
+---
+
+## Decision 4 — SIGTERM Graceful Shutdown via uvicorn `--timeout-graceful-shutdown`
+
+**Decision**: Use `uvicorn`'s built-in `--timeout-graceful-shutdown 30` flag. No process supervisor (tini, s6) is required.
+
+**Rationale**: uvicorn handles SIGTERM natively when run as PID 1 in single-worker mode (the production Dockerfile runs one worker). On SIGTERM it stops accepting new connections, waits up to `--timeout-graceful-shutdown` seconds for in-flight requests to complete, then exits with code 0. No additional init system is needed.
+
+**Alternatives considered**:
+- tini: adds a small init shim that reaps zombies and forwards signals. Not necessary with a single uvicorn worker (no child processes to reap).
+- Gunicorn + uvicorn workers: more complex; appropriate for multi-worker setups but the deployment platform (Kubernetes) scales horizontally via pod replicas rather than in-process workers.
+
+---
+
+## Decision 5 — `curl` for HEALTHCHECK
+
+**Decision**: Install `curl` (via `apt-get --no-install-recommends`) in the runtime stage and use it in the `HEALTHCHECK` directive.
+
+**Rationale**: The existing dev Dockerfile already installs `curl` for the same reason. `curl -f` exits non-zero on HTTP errors, making it a reliable single-command health probe. A Python one-liner adds interpreter startup overhead (~100ms) per check; `curl` is ~5ms.
+
+**Alternatives considered**:
+- `wget -q --spider`: available on Alpine but not on Debian-slim by default; requires separate install.
+- Python `urllib.request`: no extra install, but slower and adds noise to the process table during health checks.
+
+---
+
+## Decision 6 — TDD Verification via Shell Script
+
+**Decision**: Write `api/tests/build/verify_production_image.sh` before `Dockerfile.prod`. The script builds the image and runs behavioral checks (health endpoint, non-root user, clean SIGTERM exit). It is the "failing test" per §5.1.
+
+**Rationale**: The production image is a build artifact, not Python business logic. pytest cannot test a Docker image without Docker-in-Docker, which the current CI stack does not support. A shell script run on the host (via `make verify-prod`) is the appropriate TDD vehicle for this artefact type.
+
+**Verification steps the script covers**:
+1. `docker build -f api/Dockerfile.prod api/` → fails (red) until Dockerfile.prod exists.
+2. Run container with required env vars; wait for health endpoint → `GET /api/v1/health` returns 200.
+3. Inspect running process user → UID ≠ 0 (non-root).
+4. Send SIGTERM to container; assert exit code 0 within 30s (graceful shutdown).
+5. Assert dev packages are absent: `pip show pytest` inside container must return non-zero.
+
+**Alternatives considered**:
+- pytest with docker SDK: requires `docker` Python package and DinD in CI; rejected as over-engineered for a single-file build artifact.
+- Manual verification only: rejected because §5.1 mandates automated failing tests before production code.

specs/010-api-prod-dockerfile/spec.md

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+# Feature Specification: Production-Grade API Container Image
+
+**Feature Branch**: `010-api-prod-dockerfile`
+**Created**: 2026-05-07
+**Status**: Draft
+**Input**: User description: "We need a production-grade Dockerfile for the API to start preparing for a production deployment."
+
+## User Scenarios & Testing *(mandatory)*
+
+### User Story 1 — API Runs Reliably in Production (Priority: P1)
+
+An operator builds and runs the API container in a production environment. The container starts successfully, serves requests, and can be health-checked by an orchestrator (e.g., Kubernetes). When the orchestrator signals shutdown, the container drains in-flight requests before exiting cleanly, avoiding dropped connections.
+
+**Why this priority**: Without a correctly functioning container, no production deployment is possible. This is the baseline that all other stories depend on.
+
+**Independent Test**: Build the image from source, run the container with required env vars, call the health endpoint, send SIGTERM, and verify the process exits cleanly with code 0. No other stories are required.
+
+**Acceptance Scenarios**:
+
+1. **Given** a built container image and all required env vars, **When** the container starts, **Then** it begins serving requests within 30 seconds and the health endpoint returns a success response.
+2. **Given** a running container, **When** a SIGTERM is received, **Then** the process finishes any in-flight requests and exits with code 0 within 30 seconds.
+3. **Given** a running container, **When** a required env var is absent, **Then** the process exits immediately with a non-zero code and logs a clear error message identifying the missing variable.
+
+---
+
+### User Story 2 — Minimal, Secure Container (Priority: P2)
+
+A security-conscious operator audits the container image before promotion to production. They verify the API process does not run as root, the image contains no development tooling or test artefacts, and no credentials are baked into the image layers.
+
+**Why this priority**: Running as root or including unnecessary tools increases the blast radius of any container breakout. This is a production-readiness requirement, not optional hardening.
+
+**Independent Test**: Inspect the built image to confirm the runtime user is non-root, confirm no dev/test files are present in the image layers, and scan the image with a standard vulnerability scanner. Passes independently of any deployment environment.
+
+**Acceptance Scenarios**:
+
+1. **Given** a built container image, **When** the running process user is inspected, **Then** the API process runs as a non-root user with a numeric UID.
+2. **Given** a built container image, **When** the image layers are inspected, **Then** no development dependencies, test files, or local configuration are present.
+3. **Given** a built container image, **When** the image layers are scanned for hardcoded secrets, **Then** no credentials, API keys, or secret values are found embedded in any layer.
+
+---
+
+### User Story 3 — Fast, Reproducible Builds (Priority: P3)
+
+A developer rebuilds the container image after a code change. The build completes quickly because unchanged layers (dependencies) are cached. Given identical source inputs, the resulting image is functionally equivalent across builds, enabling confident CI/CD promotion.
+
+**Why this priority**: Slow or non-deterministic builds reduce developer confidence and slow deployment pipelines. Important for velocity, but the container already works (P1, P2) before this is optimised.
+
+**Independent Test**: Build the image twice from the same source; confirm the second build reuses dependency layers from cache and completes significantly faster than the first.
+
+**Acceptance Scenarios**:
+
+1. **Given** an image built once, **When** only application source files change and the image is rebuilt, **Then** the dependency installation step is served from cache and the rebuild completes faster than a clean build.
+2. **Given** two builds from the same source commit, **When** the images are run, **Then** both produce identical API behaviour.
+
+---
+
+### Edge Cases
+
+- What happens when the database is unavailable at container startup?
+- What happens when the container is sent SIGKILL instead of SIGTERM (hard kill by orchestrator)?
+- What happens if the container runs out of memory mid-request?
+- How does the image behave when run read-only filesystem (`--read-only`)?
+
+## Requirements *(mandatory)*
+
+### Functional Requirements
+
+- **FR-001**: The container image MUST start the API service and begin accepting requests without manual intervention after supplying required env vars.
+- **FR-002**: The container image MUST expose a health check that an orchestrator can poll to determine service readiness.
+- **FR-003**: The container image MUST handle the SIGTERM signal by completing in-flight requests then exiting cleanly within 30 seconds.
+- **FR-004**: The container image MUST run the API process as a non-root, non-privileged user.
+- **FR-005**: The container image MUST NOT contain development dependencies, test files, source control metadata, or local configuration files.
+- **FR-006**: The container image MUST NOT contain any hardcoded credentials, secrets, or environment-specific values — all configuration MUST be supplied via environment variables at runtime.
+- **FR-007**: The container image MUST log to standard output and standard error so logs are captured by the container runtime without additional configuration.
+- **FR-008**: The container image MUST be buildable reproducibly from the same source inputs — a rebuild from the same commit MUST produce a functionally equivalent image.
+- **FR-009**: Rebuilding the image after a source-only change (no dependency changes) MUST reuse the cached dependency installation layer.
+
+## Success Criteria *(mandatory)*
+
+### Measurable Outcomes
+
+- **SC-001**: The container starts and serves its first successful health-check response within 30 seconds of launch with all required env vars present.
+- **SC-002**: The container exits cleanly (code 0) within 30 seconds of receiving a SIGTERM, with no in-flight requests dropped.
+- **SC-003**: The API process inside the container runs as a non-root user (inspectable via container runtime tooling).
+- **SC-004**: A rebuild after a source-only change completes in under 60 seconds on a warm cache (dependency layer reused).
+- **SC-005**: The image contains zero hardcoded secrets (verifiable by static layer inspection).
+- **SC-006**: All API logs appear on stdout/stderr and are captured by the container runtime log driver without additional sidecar or configuration.
+
+## Assumptions
+
+- The existing test Dockerfile (used by the integration test stack) is not suitable for production and will remain separate; this feature produces a distinct production image.
+- All required runtime configuration (database URL, S3 credentials, JWT secret, etc.) will be injected as environment variables by the deployment platform — the image itself carries no environment-specific values.
+- The deployment target supports OCI-compatible container images (Kubernetes, Docker, etc.).
+- No persistent local storage is needed by the API container; all state lives in the database and object storage.
+- The production image does not need to run database migrations; migrations are applied by a separate step in the deployment pipeline.
+- A single-architecture image (linux/amd64) is sufficient for the initial production target.

specs/010-api-prod-dockerfile/tasks.md

@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+# Tasks: Production-Grade API Container Image
+
+**Input**: Design documents from `specs/010-api-prod-dockerfile/`
+**Prerequisites**: plan.md ✅, spec.md ✅, research.md ✅, contracts/container.md ✅, quickstart.md ✅
+
+**Tests**: TDD is non-negotiable (§5.1). The "test" for a Docker build artefact is `api/tests/build/verify_production_image.sh`, written before `api/Dockerfile.prod` exists. Running the script immediately fails (red) because the build step cannot find the file; writing `Dockerfile.prod` turns it green.
+
+**Organization**: Phase 1 sets up Makefile targets and `.dockerignore`; Phase 3 (US1) writes the verification script and the Dockerfile; Phase 4 (US2) extends the script with security checks; Phase 5 (US3) extends it with a cache-hit check; Phase 6 polishes.
+
+## Format: `[ID] [P?] [Story] Description`
+
+- **[P]**: Can run in parallel with other [P] tasks in the same phase
+- **[Story]**: Which user story this task belongs to
+- Exact file paths included in every task description
+
+---
+
+## Phase 1: Setup
+
+- [X] T001 Add `build-prod` and `verify-prod` targets (and their `.PHONY` entries) to the root `Makefile` at `/workspace/Makefile`: `build-prod` runs `docker build -f api/Dockerfile.prod api/ -t reactbin-api-prod:latest`; `verify-prod` runs `bash api/tests/build/verify_production_image.sh`
+
+- [X] T002 Update `api/.dockerignore` at `/workspace/api/.dockerignore`: append three lines — `tests/`, `alembic/`, and `alembic.ini` — so these are excluded from the production build context (the Dockerfile.prod copies only `app/` explicitly, but excluding them from the context keeps the transfer to the Docker daemon fast)
+
+---
+
+## Phase 2: Foundational
+
+- [X] T003 Create directory `api/tests/build/` at `/workspace/api/tests/build/` with `mkdir -p` and add a `.gitkeep` so the directory is tracked
+
+**Checkpoint**: Directory structure is ready; Makefile and .dockerignore are updated.
+
+---
+
+## Phase 3: User Story 1 — API Runs Reliably in Production (Priority: P1) 🎯 MVP
+
+**Goal**: The container builds, starts, serves the health endpoint, and exits cleanly on SIGTERM.
+
+**Independent Test**: `make verify-prod` — passes when `Dockerfile.prod` exists and all US1 checks pass.
+
+### Test for User Story 1 (TDD red — write first, confirm failure before T005)
+
+- [X] T004 [US1] Create `api/tests/build/verify_production_image.sh` as an executable bash script (`chmod +x`) with `#!/usr/bin/env bash` and `set -euo pipefail`; the script MUST:
+  1. Set `IMAGE="reactbin-api-prod:verify-$$"` and `PG_CONTAINER=""` and `APP_CONTAINER=""`;
+  2. Define a `cleanup()` function that runs `docker rm -f "$APP_CONTAINER" "$PG_CONTAINER" 2>/dev/null || true` and `docker rmi "$IMAGE" 2>/dev/null || true`, and register it with `trap cleanup EXIT`;
+  3. **[US1 check 1 — build]** Run `docker build -f api/Dockerfile.prod api/ -t "$IMAGE"` — this is the line that fails **red** because `api/Dockerfile.prod` does not yet exist; print `[verify] Building $IMAGE...` before and `[verify] Build OK` after;
+  4. **[US1 check 2 — start with real DB]** Launch a throwaway postgres: `PG_CONTAINER=$(docker run -d -e POSTGRES_DB=reactbin_verify -e POSTGRES_USER=verify -e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=verify postgres:16-alpine)`; poll `docker exec "$PG_CONTAINER" pg_isready -U verify` up to 30 × 1s, fail if timeout; capture `PG_IP=$(docker inspect -f '{{range.NetworkSettings.Networks}}{{.IPAddress}}{{end}}' "$PG_CONTAINER")`;
+  5. Start the production container: `APP_CONTAINER=$(docker run -d -p 18000:8000 -e JWT_SECRET_KEY=verify-key -e OWNER_USERNAME=testowner -e OWNER_PASSWORD=testpassword -e DATABASE_URL="postgresql+asyncpg://verify:verify@${PG_IP}:5432/reactbin_verify" -e S3_ENDPOINT_URL=http://noop:9000 -e S3_BUCKET_NAME=noop -e S3_ACCESS_KEY_ID=noop -e S3_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=noop -e S3_REGION=us-east-1 "$IMAGE")`; note — S3 credentials are placeholders; the health endpoint does not require S3;
+  6. **[US1 check 3 — health endpoint]** Poll `curl -sf http://localhost:18000/api/v1/health` up to 30 × 1s, fail with a message if timeout; print `[verify] Health check passed` on success;
+  7. **[US1 check 4 — SIGTERM → exit 0]** Run `docker stop "$APP_CONTAINER"` (sends SIGTERM); capture `EXIT_CODE=$(docker wait "$APP_CONTAINER")`; assert `"$EXIT_CODE" -eq 0`, fail with `FAIL: non-zero exit $EXIT_CODE` otherwise; print `[verify] Graceful shutdown OK (exit $EXIT_CODE)`;
+  8. Print `[verify] US1 checks passed.`
+  9. **[C3 — missing env var → non-zero exit]** Run `docker run --rm -e JWT_SECRET_KEY=verify-key "$IMAGE" 2>&1`; assert the exit code is **non-zero** (OWNER_USERNAME is absent so Pydantic settings validation must fail at startup); print `[verify] Missing-env-var exit check OK`;
+  After writing the script, run `make verify-prod` and confirm it **fails** with a Docker build error (red state — `Dockerfile.prod` does not exist).
+
+### Implementation for User Story 1
+
+- [X] T005 [US1] Create `api/Dockerfile.prod` at `/workspace/api/Dockerfile.prod` — a two-stage multi-stage build:
+  **Stage 1 (builder)**: `FROM ghcr.io/astral-sh/uv:python3.12-bookworm-slim AS builder`; `WORKDIR /app`; set `ENV UV_COMPILE_BYTECODE=1 UV_LINK_MODE=copy UV_PYTHON_DOWNLOADS=never`; `COPY pyproject.toml uv.lock ./`; `RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache/uv uv sync --frozen --no-dev --no-install-project`; `COPY app/ ./app/`
+  **Stage 2 (runtime)**: `FROM python:3.12-slim`; `WORKDIR /app`; `RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends curl && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*`; `RUN groupadd --system --gid 1001 appgroup && useradd --system --uid 1001 --gid 1001 --no-create-home appuser`; `COPY --from=builder --chown=appuser:appgroup /app/.venv /app/.venv`; `COPY --chown=appuser:appgroup app/ ./app/`; `USER appuser`; `ENV PATH="/app/.venv/bin:$PATH"`; `EXPOSE 8000`; `HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=5s --start-period=10s --retries=3 CMD curl -f http://localhost:8000/api/v1/health || exit 1`; `CMD ["uvicorn", "app.main:app", "--host", "0.0.0.0", "--port", "8000", "--timeout-graceful-shutdown", "30"]`
+
+- [X] T006 [US1] Verify TDD green for US1: run `make verify-prod` and confirm all four US1 checks pass — build OK, health endpoint returns 200, SIGTERM produces exit code 0, and `[verify] US1 checks passed.` is printed.
+
+**Checkpoint**: US1 is complete. Production container builds, starts, serves traffic, and shuts down gracefully.
+
+---
+
+## Phase 4: User Story 2 — Minimal, Secure Container (Priority: P2)
+
+**Goal**: The production image runs as non-root and contains no dev dependencies or embedded secrets.
+
+**Independent Test**: US2 checks in `make verify-prod` — the same script extended with non-root and dev-deps-absent assertions.
+
+### Tests for User Story 2 (TDD extension — add checks, confirm they pass against existing Dockerfile.prod)
+
+- [X] T007 [US2] Extend `api/tests/build/verify_production_image.sh` with two US2 checks inserted after the SIGTERM check (before the final `US1 checks passed` line):
+  **[US2 check 1 — non-root]** After the container is running (before `docker stop`), run `UID_IN_CONTAINER=$(docker exec "$APP_CONTAINER" id -u)`; assert `"$UID_IN_CONTAINER" -ne 0`, fail with `FAIL: process running as root (UID 0)` if violated; print `[verify] Non-root user OK (UID $UID_IN_CONTAINER)`;
+  **[US2 check 2 — dev deps absent]** After cleanup of APP_CONTAINER but still holding the image, run `docker run --rm "$IMAGE" /app/.venv/bin/python -c "import pytest" 2>/dev/null`; assert the command returns **non-zero** (i.e., pytest is NOT importable); if it returns 0, fail with `FAIL: pytest importable in production image (dev deps present)`; print `[verify] Dev deps absent OK`;
+  **[C1 — stdout log capture]** Run `docker logs "$APP_CONTAINER" 2>&1`; assert the output is non-empty and contains `Started server` or `Application startup complete` (uvicorn startup lines); fail with `FAIL: no startup logs found on stdout/stderr` if absent; print `[verify] Stdout logging OK`; note — insert this check while APP_CONTAINER is still running, before the `docker stop` call;
+  **[C2 — no hardcoded secrets in layers]** Run `docker history --no-trunc "$IMAGE" 2>&1`; pipe through `grep -iE "(password|secret_key|api_key|token)" `; assert zero matching lines; if any match, fail with `FAIL: potential secret found in image history`; print `[verify] No secrets in image layers OK`;
+  Update the final success line to `[verify] All checks passed (US1 + US2).`; confirm `make verify-prod` passes.
+
+**Checkpoint**: US2 is verified. Image runs as UID 1001 and contains no test tooling.
+
+---
+
+## Phase 5: User Story 3 — Fast, Reproducible Builds (Priority: P3)
+
+**Goal**: Rebuilding after a source-only change reuses the dependency layer from cache.
+
+**Independent Test**: US3 check in `make verify-prod` — a timed second build after touching a source file asserts the dep layer was cached.
+
+### Tests for User Story 3 (TDD extension)
+
+- [X] T008 [US3] Extend `api/tests/build/verify_production_image.sh` with a US3 cache check appended after all other checks (before final success line):
+  **[US3 check — dep layer cached on source-only rebuild]** Set `IMAGE2="reactbin-api-prod:verify-cache-$$"`; `touch api/app/main.py`; capture the output of `docker build --progress=plain -f api/Dockerfile.prod api/ -t "$IMAGE2" 2>&1` (the `--progress=plain` flag ensures consistent `CACHED` output regardless of Docker version or TTY settings); assert the output contains the string `CACHED`; if `CACHED` is absent, fail with `FAIL: dependency layer not reused on source-only rebuild`; add `docker rmi "$IMAGE2" 2>/dev/null || true` to the `cleanup()` function; print `[verify] Dep layer cache hit confirmed (US3 OK)`;
+  Update the final success line to `[verify] All checks passed (US1 + US2 + US3).`
+
+- [X] T009 [US3] Verify TDD green for US3: run `make verify-prod` and confirm the full script passes including the cache check — the build output for the second image must contain `CACHED`, and `[verify] All checks passed (US1 + US2 + US3).` must print.
+
+**Checkpoint**: All three user stories are verified end-to-end by `make verify-prod`.
+
+---
+
+## Phase 6: Polish & Cross-Cutting Concerns
+
+- [X] T010 Run `make test-integration` from `/workspace` and confirm all 102 existing tests still pass — verifies that the `.dockerignore` additions (T002) do not break the existing test Dockerfile build or any integration test (§5.4 regression gate)
+
+- [X] T011 Run `shellcheck api/tests/build/verify_production_image.sh` and fix any violations (common: unquoted variables, `[ ]` vs `[[ ]]`, missing `--` before arguments)
+
+---
+
+## Dependencies & Execution Order
+
+### Phase Dependencies
+
+- **Phase 1 (Setup)**: No external dependencies — start immediately
+- **Phase 2 (Foundational)**: No dependencies — start immediately (parallel with Phase 1)
+- **Phase 3 (US1)**: Depends on Phase 1 (Makefile + .dockerignore must exist before `make verify-prod` can run) and Phase 2 (test directory must exist)
+- **Phase 4 (US2)**: Depends on Phase 3 (US1 script and Dockerfile must exist to extend)
+- **Phase 5 (US3)**: Depends on Phase 4 (full US2 script must exist to extend)
+- **Phase 6 (Polish)**: Depends on all prior phases; T010 (regression test) must precede T011 (shellcheck)
+
+### Within Phase 3
+
+- T004 before T005 (write test script before writing the Dockerfile)
+- T005 after T004 (implement Dockerfile after confirming red state)
+- T006 after T005 (verify green after implementation)
+
+### Execution Order Summary
+
+```
+Step 1: T001 ∥ T002 ∥ T003  (setup — parallel, different files)
+Step 2: T004                 (write verification script — TDD red)
+Step 3: T005                 (write Dockerfile.prod — implementation)
+Step 4: T006                 (verify US1 green)
+Step 5: T007                 (extend script with US2 checks, verify pass)
+Step 6: T008                 (extend script with US3 check)
+Step 7: T009                 (verify US3 green)
+Step 8: T010                 (make test-integration — regression gate)
+Step 9: T011                 (shellcheck polish)
+```
+
+---
+
+## Implementation Strategy
+
+### MVP (US1 — reliable production run)
+
+1. Complete T001–T003 (setup)
+2. Complete T004–T006 (core blocking: write script → write Dockerfile → verify green)
+3. **Validate**: `make verify-prod` passes; `make test-integration` still passes (no regressions)
+4. US2 and US3 add explicit verification coverage for properties already implemented
+
+### Incremental Delivery
+
+- After Phase 3: Production image builds, starts, and shuts down gracefully — safe to deploy
+- After Phase 4: Security properties (non-root, no dev deps) are explicitly verified
+- After Phase 5: Build efficiency (layer caching) is confirmed by automated check
+- After Phase 6: Script is lint-clean, ready for CI integration

specs/011-ui-prod-dockerfile/checklists/requirements.md

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# Specification Quality Checklist: Production-Grade UI Container Image
+
+**Purpose**: Validate specification completeness and quality before proceeding to planning
+**Created**: 2026-05-07
+**Feature**: [spec.md](../spec.md)
+
+## Content Quality
+
+- [X] No implementation details (languages, frameworks, APIs)
+- [X] Focused on user value and business needs
+- [X] Written for non-technical stakeholders
+- [X] All mandatory sections completed
+
+## Requirement Completeness
+
+- [X] No [NEEDS CLARIFICATION] markers remain
+- [X] Requirements are testable and unambiguous
+- [X] Success criteria are measurable
+- [X] Success criteria are technology-agnostic (no implementation details)
+- [X] All acceptance scenarios are defined
+- [X] Edge cases are identified
+- [X] Scope is clearly bounded
+- [X] Dependencies and assumptions identified
+
+## Feature Readiness
+
+- [X] All functional requirements have clear acceptance criteria
+- [X] User scenarios cover primary flows
+- [X] Feature meets measurable outcomes defined in Success Criteria
+- [X] No implementation details leak into specification
+
+## Notes
+
+- All items pass. Spec is ready for `/speckit-plan`.

specs/011-ui-prod-dockerfile/contracts/container.md

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+# Container Interface Contract: UI Production Image
+
+## Image Identity
+
+| Property    | Value                        |
+|-------------|------------------------------|
+| Image name  | `reactbin-ui-prod`           |
+| Runtime     | nginx-unprivileged (Alpine)  |
+| Listen port | `8080`                       |
+| Run user    | non-root (UID ≠ 0)           |
+
+## Runtime Inputs
+
+### Environment Variables
+
+The UI container is a static file server. It has **no required environment variables at runtime** — all configuration is compiled into the static assets at build time by the Angular build toolchain.
+
+> Note: The API base URL is baked in at build time via Angular's environment configuration. A future iteration may introduce runtime environment injection via a served `config.json`, but this is out of scope for v1.
+
+## Runtime Outputs
+
+### HTTP Interface
+
+| Route pattern      | Behaviour                                                         |
+|--------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| `/`                | Returns `index.html` with HTTP 200                               |
+| `/` (any SPA path) | Returns `index.html` with HTTP 200 (SPA fallback via `try_files`)|
+| `/main.*.js`       | Returns fingerprinted JS bundle with long-lived cache headers     |
+| `/styles.*.css`    | Returns fingerprinted CSS with long-lived cache headers           |
+| `/assets/*`        | Returns static assets                                             |
+| Any path not found | Returns `index.html` with HTTP 200 (Angular router handles 404)  |
+
+### Cache Headers
+
+| Asset type                          | Cache-Control header                          |
+|-------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|
+| Fingerprinted bundles (`.js`, `.css`, fonts) | `public, max-age=31536000, immutable` |
+| `index.html`                        | `no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate`         |
+
+### Process Exit
+
+| Signal   | Expected exit code | Maximum wait |
+|----------|--------------------|--------------|
+| SIGTERM  | 0                  | 30 seconds   |
+| SIGKILL  | non-zero           | immediate    |
+
+## Health Check
+
+| Property        | Value                          |
+|-----------------|--------------------------------|
+| Command         | `wget -qO- http://localhost:8080/` |
+| Interval        | 30 seconds                     |
+| Timeout         | 5 seconds                      |
+| Start period    | 15 seconds                     |
+| Retries         | 3                              |
+
+The health check passes when nginx responds with any 2xx status on the root path.
+
+## Image Constraints
+
+| Constraint              | Requirement                                   |
+|-------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|
+| Node.js runtime present | MUST NOT be present in runtime image          |
+| `node_modules/` present | MUST NOT be present in runtime image          |
+| Source TypeScript files | MUST NOT be present in runtime image          |
+| Secrets in layer history| MUST NOT appear in any `docker history` layer |
+| Run as root             | MUST NOT — process UID MUST be non-zero       |
+
+## Build Interface
+
+| Property        | Value                                        |
+|-----------------|----------------------------------------------|
+| Dockerfile path | `ui/Dockerfile.prod`                         |
+| Build context   | `ui/` directory                              |
+| Build command   | `docker build -f ui/Dockerfile.prod ui/ -t reactbin-ui-prod:latest` |
+
+### Build Context Exclusions (`.dockerignore`)
+
+The following MUST be excluded from the build context to keep transfers fast and avoid leaking dev state:
+
+- `node_modules/` — always rebuilt via `npm ci` in the build stage
+- `dist/` — always rebuilt; must not pollute the build stage
+- `.git/` — not needed for build
+- `*.spec.ts` — test files not compiled into production output
+- `.env*` — dev environment files
+- `src/**/*.spec.ts` — test specs
+
+## Verification
+
+The contract is verified end-to-end by `ui/tests/build/verify_production_image.sh`. Running `make verify-ui-prod` MUST pass all contract checks.

specs/011-ui-prod-dockerfile/plan.md

@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+# Implementation Plan: Production-Grade UI Container Image
+
+**Branch**: `011-ui-prod-dockerfile` | **Date**: 2026-05-07 | **Spec**: [spec.md](spec.md)
+**Input**: Feature specification from `specs/011-ui-prod-dockerfile/spec.md`
+
+## Summary
+
+Build a production-grade multi-stage Docker image for the Angular UI. A `node:22-slim` build stage compiles the Angular app into static assets; an `nginxinc/nginx-unprivileged:alpine` runtime stage serves those assets on port 8080 as a non-root user with SPA fallback routing, long-lived cache headers for fingerprinted bundles, and clean SIGTERM handling. The image is verified by a TDD shell script that covers all three user stories (reliable service, security, build caching) in one `make verify-ui-prod` run.
+
+## Technical Context
+
+**Language/Version**: Node.js 22 (build stage); no runtime language in the final image
+**Primary Dependencies**: Angular CLI 19 (`npm run build`); nginx-unprivileged (runtime web server)
+**Storage**: None — container serves pre-compiled static files
+**Testing**: `ui/tests/build/verify_production_image.sh` (shell script TDD artefact, same pattern as `api/tests/build/verify_production_image.sh`)
+**Target Platform**: Linux container (amd64); Docker 23+ with BuildKit enabled (default); `--mount=type=cache` used for npm cache layer
+**Project Type**: Static file server (SPA)
+**Performance Goals**: Cold build < 3 minutes; warm (source-only) rebuild < 30 seconds; health check response < 500ms
+**Constraints**: Non-root process (UID ≠ 0); Node.js absent from runtime image; no secrets in image layers
+**Scale/Scope**: Single container; no horizontal scaling concerns at this stage
+
+## Constitution Check
+
+### Pre-research gates
+
+| Principle | Requirement | Status |
+|-----------|-------------|--------|
+| §5.1 TDD | Failing test (verify script) must exist before `Dockerfile.prod` | ✅ Plan includes TDD-first task ordering |
+| §5.3 Tests next to code | `ui/tests/build/` mirrors `api/tests/build/` | ✅ Correct location |
+| §5.4 CI before done | All tasks marked done only after verify passes | ✅ Enforced in task ordering |
+| §7.1 One-command start | `docker compose up` must still work | ✅ Only adds prod Dockerfile; dev Dockerfile unchanged |
+| §7.2 Env config | No hardcoded credentials in Dockerfile | ✅ No runtime env vars needed; build-time config via Angular environment files |
+| §7.3 Linting | shellcheck on verify script | ✅ T011 in task plan |
+| §8 Scope | Server-side rendering, OIDC, multi-user — not addressed | ✅ Spec scoped to static asset serving only |
+
+**No violations. All gates pass.**
+
+### Post-design re-check
+
+Same gates apply. No design decisions introduced in Phase 1 conflict with the constitution.
+
+## Project Structure
+
+### Documentation (this feature)
+
+```text
+specs/011-ui-prod-dockerfile/
+├── plan.md           ← this file
+├── research.md       ← technology decisions (10 decisions)
+├── contracts/
+│   └── container.md  ← container interface contract
+├── quickstart.md     ← build and verify scenarios
+└── tasks.md          ← generated by /speckit-tasks
+```
+
+### Source Code Changes
+
+```text
+ui/
+├── Dockerfile.prod             ← NEW (multi-stage production build)
+├── nginx.conf                  ← NEW (SPA routing + cache headers)
+├── .dockerignore               ← NEW (does not exist yet; created for production build)
+└── tests/
+    └── build/
+        ├── .gitkeep            ← NEW (track directory in git)
+        └── verify_production_image.sh  ← NEW (TDD verification script)
+
+Makefile                        ← MODIFIED (add build-ui-prod, verify-ui-prod targets)
+```
+
+## Dockerfile Design
+
+### Stage 1 — Builder (`node:22-slim`)
+
+```
+COPY package.json package-lock.json ./   # layer: deps (cached until lockfile changes)
+RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.npm npm ci  # reproducible install; npm cache mounted
+COPY . .                                 # layer: source (invalidated on every change)
+RUN npm run build                        # ng build --configuration production
+```
+
+Output of `npm run build`: `dist/reactbin-ui/browser/` (confirmed: Angular 19 application builder creates `browser/` subdirectory under `outputPath`).
+
+### Stage 2 — Runtime (`nginxinc/nginx-unprivileged:alpine`)
+
+- Runs as non-root by design (no manual `useradd` needed)
+- Listens on port 8080
+- `COPY --from=builder /app/dist/reactbin-ui/browser /usr/share/nginx/html`
+- `COPY nginx.conf /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf`
+- HEALTHCHECK via `wget` (curl not present in Alpine nginx-unprivileged)
+- No CMD override needed — the base image entrypoint starts nginx
+
+### nginx.conf
+
+```nginx
+server {
+    listen 8080;
+
+    root /usr/share/nginx/html;
+    index index.html;
+
+    # SPA fallback — unmatched paths return app shell
+    location / {
+        try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;
+    }
+
+    # Long-lived cache for fingerprinted assets
+    location ~* \.(js|css|woff2?|ttf|eot|svg|png|jpg|jpeg|gif|ico)$ {
+        expires 1y;
+        add_header Cache-Control "public, immutable";
+    }
+
+    # Never cache the entry point
+    location = /index.html {
+        add_header Cache-Control "no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate";
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Verification Script Design (`ui/tests/build/verify_production_image.sh`)
+
+Mirrors `api/tests/build/verify_production_image.sh` structure:
+
+| Check | Story | Description |
+|-------|-------|-------------|
+| Build | US1 | `docker build -f ui/Dockerfile.prod ui/` succeeds |
+| Health endpoint | US1 | `wget -q http://localhost:18080/` returns 200 within 30s |
+| SPA routing | US1 | `curl http://localhost:18080/library` returns 200 |
+| Graceful shutdown | US1 | `docker stop` → exit code 0 |
+| Non-root user | US2 | `docker exec id -u` ≠ 0 |
+| Node.js absent | US2 | `docker run node --version` exits non-zero |
+| No secrets in history | US2 | `docker history --no-trunc` contains no secret-like strings |
+| Dep layer cache hit | US3 | `touch ui/src/app/app.component.ts` + rebuild → output contains `CACHED` |
+
+## Makefile Additions
+
+```makefile
+build-ui-prod:
+    docker build -f ui/Dockerfile.prod ui/ -t reactbin-ui-prod:latest
+
+verify-ui-prod:
+    bash ui/tests/build/verify_production_image.sh
+```
+
+## Dependencies & Risks
+
+| Item | Risk | Mitigation |
+|------|------|------------|
+| `dist/reactbin-ui/browser/` path | If Angular changes the output directory structure in a future version, the COPY path breaks | Path is verified in research; a test build during verify catches drift |
+| `nginxinc/nginx-unprivileged` UID | UID may vary between image versions | Check is `UID ≠ 0`, not a specific UID value |
+| `wget` availability | Alpine images may change toolset | HEALTHCHECK is tested as part of US1 verify |
+| Port 18080 collision | Another process may use 18080 during verify | Acceptable risk for a dev-time test; port is not a system service |

specs/011-ui-prod-dockerfile/quickstart.md

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+# Quickstart: UI Production Image
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+- Docker with BuildKit enabled (default in Docker 23+)
+- `make` available in the shell
+
+## Build the Image
+
+```bash
+make build-ui-prod
+# Equivalent: docker build -f ui/Dockerfile.prod ui/ -t reactbin-ui-prod:latest
+```
+
+Expected: Build completes in ~2 minutes on first run (npm install), ~15 seconds on subsequent source-only changes.
+
+## Run the Container
+
+```bash
+docker run --rm -p 4200:8080 reactbin-ui-prod:latest
+```
+
+Open http://localhost:4200 — the app shell loads. Navigate to `/library` or `/tags` — the page loads (SPA routing returns `index.html`).
+
+## Verify All Production Checks
+
+```bash
+make verify-ui-prod
+```
+
+This runs `ui/tests/build/verify_production_image.sh`, which exercises all three user stories:
+
+```
+[verify] Building reactbin-ui-prod:verify-<PID>...
+[verify] Build OK
+[verify] Polling health endpoint...
+[verify] Health check passed
+[verify] SPA routing OK (/library → 200)
+[verify] Non-root user OK (UID <n>)
+[verify] Stdout logging OK
+[verify] Graceful shutdown OK (exit 0)
+[verify] Node.js absent in runtime image OK
+[verify] No secrets in image layers OK
+[verify] Dep layer cache hit confirmed (US3 OK)
+[verify] All checks passed (US1 + US2 + US3).
+```
+
+## Integration Test Scenarios
+
+### Scenario 1: Initial Build (Cold Cache)
+
+```bash
+docker rmi reactbin-ui-prod:latest 2>/dev/null || true
+make build-ui-prod
+```
+
+Expected: `npm ci` runs fully (~30–90s depending on network). All packages installed from lockfile.
+
+### Scenario 2: Source-Only Rebuild (Warm Cache)
+
+```bash
+touch ui/src/app/app.component.ts
+make build-ui-prod
+```
+
+Expected: `npm ci` step is CACHED (skipped). Only the Angular compilation runs (~10–20s).
+
+### Scenario 3: Dependency Change (Cache Invalidation)
+
+```bash
+# Simulate a lockfile change
+touch ui/package-lock.json
+make build-ui-prod
+```
+
+Expected: `npm ci` runs fresh (cache miss is intentional and correct).
+
+### Scenario 4: SPA Deep-Link Routing
+
+```bash
+docker run --rm -d -p 4200:8080 --name ui-test reactbin-ui-prod:latest
+curl -sf http://localhost:4200/library        # 200 + index.html
+curl -sf http://localhost:4200/tags           # 200 + index.html
+curl -sf http://localhost:4200/nonexistent    # 200 + index.html (Angular handles 404)
+docker stop ui-test
+```
+
+### Scenario 5: Non-Root Assertion
+
+```bash
+docker run --rm reactbin-ui-prod:latest id
+# Must NOT output uid=0(root)
+```
+
+### Scenario 6: No Node.js in Runtime Image
+
+```bash
+docker run --rm reactbin-ui-prod:latest node --version 2>&1
+# Must exit non-zero (node not found)
+```

specs/011-ui-prod-dockerfile/research.md

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+# Research: Production-Grade UI Container Image
+
+## Decision 1: Build-stage base image
+
+**Decision**: `node:22-slim`
+**Rationale**: Matches the version in the existing dev `ui/Dockerfile`. Slim variant reduces the builder layer size and attack surface relative to the full Debian image.
+**Alternatives considered**: `node:22-alpine` — lighter, but can introduce musl/glibc compatibility issues with some native npm packages; `node:22-bookworm-slim` — functionally equivalent to `node:22-slim`, same image.
+
+## Decision 2: Runtime base image
+
+**Decision**: `nginxinc/nginx-unprivileged:alpine`
+**Rationale**: Runs fully as a non-root user on port 8080 out of the box — no manual user creation or privilege workarounds required. Alpine-based keeps the final image small. The official `nginx:alpine` image requires the master process to run as root to bind port 80; `nginx-unprivileged` avoids this by binding to 8080 instead.
+**Alternatives considered**:
+- `nginx:alpine` — master process must be root (violates FR-005); workers run as `nginx` user but `id -u` inside container still shows 0 for PID 1.
+- `caddy:alpine` — also supports non-root but adds Caddy's Go runtime footprint unnecessarily for pure static serving.
+
+## Decision 3: Container port
+
+**Decision**: Expose port `8080` in the container; external orchestrators (docker-compose, Kubernetes ingress) map it to port 80 or 4200 as needed.
+**Rationale**: `nginxinc/nginx-unprivileged` defaults to port 8080; deviating would require overriding nginx config with no benefit. Port remapping is standard practice — containers should not run as root just to bind to a privileged port.
+**Alternatives considered**: Running nginx on port 80 requires either root or Linux capabilities (`CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE`), both of which increase the attack surface.
+
+## Decision 4: Angular build output directory
+
+**Decision**: COPY `dist/reactbin-ui/browser/` into the nginx document root.
+**Rationale**: The Angular 19 `@angular-devkit/build-angular:application` builder (esbuild-based) places browser assets in `dist/{projectName}/browser/` — confirmed by inspecting the existing `dist/reactbin-ui/browser/` directory in the repo. The parent `dist/reactbin-ui/` also contains `prerendered-routes.json` and `3rdpartylicenses.txt` which must not be served as the web root.
+**Alternatives considered**: Serving from `dist/reactbin-ui/` directly — would expose the `3rdpartylicenses.txt` file at the root and include the prerendering metadata file.
+
+## Decision 5: Dependency install command
+
+**Decision**: `npm ci` (not `npm install`)
+**Rationale**: `npm ci` installs exactly what `package-lock.json` specifies — reproducible, faster on CI, and fails loudly on lockfile mismatches. All dependencies (including `devDependencies`) are needed in the build stage because Angular CLI and build tools are `devDependencies`.
+**Alternatives considered**: `npm install` — non-deterministic across environments; `npm install --omit=dev` — would break the Angular build since `@angular/cli` is a devDependency.
+
+## Decision 6: Layer cache strategy
+
+**Decision**: Two COPY layers — lockfiles first, then source.
+```
+COPY package.json package-lock.json ./   # invalidated only on dep changes
+RUN npm ci                               # expensive step, cached when lockfiles unchanged
+COPY . .                                 # invalidated on every source change
+RUN npm run build
+```
+**Rationale**: Mirrors the proven pattern used in the API's `Dockerfile.prod`. Dependency installation (30s–2min) is cached independently from source compilation.
+**Alternatives considered**: Single COPY of all source — trivial source changes would always re-run `npm ci`.
+
+## Decision 7: SPA routing
+
+**Decision**: nginx `try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html` fallback in a custom `nginx.conf`.
+**Rationale**: Angular is a single-page application. All non-asset routes (e.g., `/library`, `/tags`, `/login`) must return `index.html` so Angular's router can handle them client-side. Without this, direct navigation to any deep link returns 404.
+**Alternatives considered**: Redirect to `/` — would break deep linking; returning 404 — breaks client-side routing entirely.
+
+## Decision 8: Cache-control headers
+
+**Decision**: Long-lived `Cache-Control: public, max-age=31536000, immutable` for fingerprinted JS/CSS/font assets; `Cache-Control: no-store` for `index.html`.
+**Rationale**: Angular's production build fingerprints all bundles (e.g., `main.a1b2c3d4.js`). These are safe to cache indefinitely. `index.html` is never fingerprinted and must always be fresh so users pick up new deployments.
+**Alternatives considered**: No cache-control headers — acceptable for MVP but fails FR-008.
+
+## Decision 9: Health check probe
+
+**Decision**: Use `wget -qO- http://localhost:8080/` as the HEALTHCHECK command (no `curl` in `nginx-unprivileged:alpine`).
+**Rationale**: The `nginxinc/nginx-unprivileged:alpine` image is minimal and does not include `curl`. `wget` is available in Alpine. The health check tests that nginx is accepting connections and returning the app shell.
+**Alternatives considered**: Installing `curl` via `apk add` — adds package manager overhead and unnecessary tooling to the runtime image.
+
+## Decision 10: TDD verification approach
+
+**Decision**: Shell script `ui/tests/build/verify_production_image.sh` mirrors the approach used for the API in feature 010.
+**Rationale**: There is no pytest equivalent for Docker build artifacts. A shell script that fails because `Dockerfile.prod` does not exist satisfies §5.1 TDD (the script is the failing test; writing the Dockerfile turns it green).
+**Alternatives considered**: No TDD — violates §5.1; a Python test with subprocess — overkill when a shell script is simpler and already proven.

specs/011-ui-prod-dockerfile/spec.md

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+# Feature Specification: Production-Grade UI Container Image
+
+**Feature Branch**: `011-ui-prod-dockerfile`
+**Created**: 2026-05-07
+**Status**: Draft
+**Input**: User description: "Production-grade UI container image build"
+
+## User Scenarios & Testing *(mandatory)*
+
+### User Story 1 - UI Serves Reliably in Production (Priority: P1)
+
+A production deployment starts the UI container and it serves the compiled application correctly — returning the app shell for all routes, responding quickly, and shutting down cleanly when the orchestrator stops it.
+
+**Why this priority**: A container that can't serve traffic is not deployable. All other properties (security, build speed) are meaningless without a running service.
+
+**Independent Test**: Build the image, start the container, and verify the root path returns a 200 response. Stopping the container produces a clean exit. This alone constitutes a deployable MVP.
+
+**Acceptance Scenarios**:
+
+1. **Given** a built production image, **When** the container starts, **Then** it serves the application on port 8080 within 30 seconds.
+2. **Given** the container is running, **When** a request is made to any client-side route (e.g., `/library`, `/tags`), **Then** the server returns the app shell (200 OK) so client-side routing can take over.
+3. **Given** the container is running, **When** a static asset is requested, **Then** it is returned with appropriate caching headers.
+4. **Given** a running container, **When** the orchestrator sends a stop signal, **Then** the container exits with code 0 within a reasonable timeout.
+5. **Given** the production image, **When** a health probe is issued to a designated endpoint, **Then** the container reports healthy.
+
+---
+
+### User Story 2 - Minimal, Secure Container (Priority: P2)
+
+The production image contains only what is needed to serve static files — no build tools, no source code, no `node_modules`. It runs as a non-privileged user.
+
+**Why this priority**: Shipping build tools and source code in production images increases attack surface and image size. Running as root violates least-privilege principles.
+
+**Independent Test**: Inspect the running container — confirm the process user is non-root; attempt to import or run a Node.js binary inside the image and confirm it is absent.
+
+**Acceptance Scenarios**:
+
+1. **Given** the production image, **When** the running process user is inspected, **Then** it is not root (UID ≠ 0).
+2. **Given** the production image, **When** the image contents are inspected, **Then** `node_modules/`, source TypeScript files, and the Node.js runtime are absent.
+3. **Given** the production image, **When** image layer history is inspected, **Then** no secrets, API keys, or credentials appear in any layer command.
+4. **Given** the production image, **When** the image size is measured, **Then** it is substantially smaller than a single-stage image that includes the Node.js toolchain.
+
+---
+
+### User Story 3 - Fast, Reproducible Builds (Priority: P3)
+
+Rebuilding the image after a source-only change (no dependency changes) reuses the dependency installation layer from cache, completing in seconds rather than minutes.
+
+**Why this priority**: Slow builds impede the development feedback loop and CI pipeline throughput. Dependency installs are the dominant time cost.
+
+**Independent Test**: Build once, then change a source file and build again — the build output confirms the dependency layer was served from cache.
+
+**Acceptance Scenarios**:
+
+1. **Given** the image has been built once, **When** only a source file is changed and the image is rebuilt, **Then** the dependency installation step is skipped (cache hit).
+2. **Given** a dependency file is changed, **When** the image is rebuilt, **Then** the dependency installation step runs fresh (cache miss is correct behaviour).
+3. **Given** two successive builds with identical inputs, **Then** both produce functionally identical output.
+
+---
+
+### Edge Cases
+
+- What happens when the container starts but the built assets are missing or corrupted?
+- How does the server handle requests for non-existent routes that should fall back to the app shell (SPA routing)?
+- What happens when the container receives a stop signal while actively serving requests?
+- What happens if the port is already in use at startup?
+
+## Requirements *(mandatory)*
+
+### Functional Requirements
+
+- **FR-001**: The production image MUST be built via a multi-stage process — a build stage compiles the application into static assets, and a separate runtime stage serves only those assets.
+- **FR-002**: The runtime stage MUST NOT contain the Node.js runtime, npm, source TypeScript, or `node_modules/`.
+- **FR-003**: The container MUST serve the application on port 8080. External orchestrators (docker-compose, Kubernetes ingress) map this to port 80 as needed.
+- **FR-004**: The container MUST handle SPA (single-page application) routing by returning the app shell for any unmatched path, so client-side routing works correctly.
+- **FR-005**: The container MUST run as a non-root user.
+- **FR-006**: The container MUST expose a health-check endpoint that returns success when the service is ready to accept traffic.
+- **FR-007**: The container MUST exit with code 0 when sent a graceful stop signal.
+- **FR-008**: Static assets MUST be served with cache-control headers that enable client-side caching for fingerprinted assets.
+- **FR-009**: The Dockerfile MUST structure layers so that dependency installation is cached independently from source code changes.
+- **FR-010**: The build MUST be reproducible — given the same source and lockfile, successive builds produce equivalent images.
+- **FR-011**: No credentials, secrets, or API keys MUST appear in any image layer.
+
+### Key Entities
+
+- **Build Stage**: The intermediate container that installs dependencies and compiles source into static assets; discarded after build.
+- **Static Assets**: The compiled output (HTML, JS bundles, CSS, fonts, images) that the runtime stage serves.
+- **Runtime Stage**: The minimal final image containing only a web server and the compiled static assets.
+- **Production Image**: The tagged, distributable image produced by the build; used directly in deployment.
+
+## Success Criteria *(mandatory)*
+
+### Measurable Outcomes
+
+- **SC-001**: The container serves a 200 response on port 8080 within 30 seconds of starting.
+- **SC-002**: The production image is substantially smaller than a single-stage image that retains the Node.js toolchain. A manual size comparison after the initial build confirms the multi-stage approach delivers a meaningful reduction (expected: >60% reduction).
+- **SC-003**: A source-only rebuild completes in under 30 seconds (dependency layer served from cache).
+- **SC-004**: All 11 functional requirements pass automated verification on every build.
+- **SC-005**: The running container process has UID ≠ 0, confirmed by automated check.
+- **SC-006**: No existing integration tests regress after the Dockerfile and supporting files are introduced.
+
+## Assumptions
+
+- The Angular application is built for production using the standard build toolchain (`ng build --configuration production` or equivalent), producing a `dist/` output directory.
+- The production web server is responsible for SPA fallback routing (returning the app shell for unmatched paths).
+- Gzip or Brotli compression at the web server layer is desirable but not mandatory for the initial implementation.
+- The UI container does not need to proxy API requests — it communicates with the API directly from the browser (the Angular proxy config is only used in local development).
+- The container listens on port 8080 (non-privileged, enabling non-root operation). External load balancers or ingress controllers map this to port 80. TLS termination occurs upstream.
+- The build context is the `ui/` directory; files excluded from the build context (source maps in CI, `node_modules/` already present locally) are managed via `.dockerignore`.
+- The same verification approach used for the API image (a shell script as the TDD artefact) applies here.

specs/011-ui-prod-dockerfile/tasks.md

@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+# Tasks: Production-Grade UI Container Image
+
+**Input**: Design documents from `specs/011-ui-prod-dockerfile/`
+**Prerequisites**: plan.md ✅, spec.md ✅, research.md ✅, contracts/container.md ✅, quickstart.md ✅
+
+**Tests**: TDD is non-negotiable (§5.1). The "test" for a Docker build artefact is `ui/tests/build/verify_production_image.sh`, written before `ui/Dockerfile.prod` exists. Running the script immediately fails (red) because the build step cannot find the file; writing `Dockerfile.prod` turns it green.
+
+**Organization**: Phase 1 sets up Makefile targets, `.dockerignore`, and supporting files; Phase 3 (US1) writes the verification script and the Dockerfile; Phase 4 (US2) extends the script with security checks; Phase 5 (US3) extends it with a cache-hit check; Phase 6 polishes.
+
+## Format: `[ID] [P?] [Story] Description`
+
+- **[P]**: Can run in parallel with other [P] tasks in the same phase
+- **[Story]**: Which user story this task belongs to
+- Exact file paths included in every task description
+
+---
+
+## Phase 1: Setup
+
+- [X] T001 Add `build-ui-prod` and `verify-ui-prod` targets (and their `.PHONY` entries) to the root `Makefile` at `/workspace/Makefile`: `build-ui-prod` runs `docker build -f ui/Dockerfile.prod ui/ -t reactbin-ui-prod:latest`; `verify-ui-prod` runs `bash ui/tests/build/verify_production_image.sh`
+
+- [X] T002 Create `ui/.dockerignore` at `/workspace/ui/.dockerignore` with the following exclusions (the file does not yet exist — create it fresh): `.git/`, `node_modules/`, `dist/`, `.angular/`, `coverage/`, `*.spec.ts`, `.env`, `.env.*`, `!.env.example`, `tests/`; these keep the build context transfer fast and prevent dev state from leaking into the production image
+
+- [X] T003 Create directory `ui/tests/build/` at `/workspace/ui/tests/build/` with `mkdir -p` and add a `.gitkeep` so the directory is tracked in git
+
+---
+
+**Checkpoint**: Directory structure is ready; Makefile and .dockerignore are created.
+
+---
+
+## Phase 2: Foundational
+
+No blocking foundational prerequisites exist for this feature — the setup tasks in Phase 1 directly enable all user story phases. Phase 2 is intentionally omitted.
+
+---
+
+## Phase 3: User Story 1 — UI Serves Reliably in Production (Priority: P1) 🎯 MVP
+
+**Goal**: The container builds, starts, serves the health endpoint and SPA routes, and exits cleanly on SIGTERM.
+
+**Independent Test**: `make verify-ui-prod` — passes when `Dockerfile.prod` and `nginx.conf` exist and all US1 checks pass.
+
+### Test for User Story 1 (TDD red — write first, confirm failure before T005)
+
+- [X] T004 [US1] Create `ui/tests/build/verify_production_image.sh` as an executable bash script (`chmod +x`) with `#!/usr/bin/env bash` and `set -euo pipefail`; the script MUST:
+  1. Set `IMAGE="reactbin-ui-prod:verify-$$"` and `IMAGE2="reactbin-ui-prod:verify-cache-$$"` and `APP_CONTAINER=""`;
+  2. Define a `cleanup()` function that runs `docker rm -f "$APP_CONTAINER" 2>/dev/null || true`, `docker rmi "$IMAGE" 2>/dev/null || true`, and `docker rmi "$IMAGE2" 2>/dev/null || true`, then register it with `trap cleanup EXIT`;
+  3. **[US1 check 1 — build]** Run `docker build -f ui/Dockerfile.prod ui/ -t "$IMAGE"` — this is the line that fails **red** because `ui/Dockerfile.prod` does not yet exist; print `[verify] Building $IMAGE...` before and `[verify] Build OK` after;
+  4. **[US1 check 2 — start container]** Start the production container: `APP_CONTAINER=$(docker run -d -p 18080:8080 "$IMAGE")`; print `[verify] Starting production container...`;
+  5. **[US1 check 3 — health endpoint]** Poll `curl -sf http://localhost:18080/` up to 30 × 1s, fail with `FAIL: health check timed out after 30s` if timeout; print `[verify] Health check passed` on success;
+  6. **[US1 check 4 — SPA routing]** Run `curl -sf http://localhost:18080/library > /dev/null`; assert exit code is 0 (200 response); fail with `FAIL: SPA routing check failed (/library did not return 200)` if violated; print `[verify] SPA routing OK (/library → 200)`;
+  7. **[US1 check 5 — SIGTERM → exit 0]** Run `docker stop "$APP_CONTAINER"` (sends SIGTERM); capture `EXIT_CODE=$(docker wait "$APP_CONTAINER")`; assert `"$EXIT_CODE" -eq 0`, fail with `FAIL: non-zero exit code $EXIT_CODE after SIGTERM` otherwise; print `[verify] Graceful shutdown OK (exit $EXIT_CODE)`;
+  8. Print `[verify] US1 checks passed.`
+  After writing the script, run `make verify-ui-prod` and confirm it **fails** with a Docker build error (red state — `ui/Dockerfile.prod` does not exist).
+
+### Implementation for User Story 1
+
+- [X] T005 [US1] Create `ui/nginx.conf` at `/workspace/ui/nginx.conf` — an nginx server block that: listens on port `8080`; sets `root /usr/share/nginx/html` and `index index.html`; adds a `location /` block with `try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html` for SPA fallback routing; adds a `location ~* \.(js|css|woff2?|ttf|eot|svg|png|jpg|jpeg|gif|ico)$` block with `expires 1y` and `add_header Cache-Control "public, immutable"` for fingerprinted assets; adds a `location = /index.html` block with `add_header Cache-Control "no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate"` so the entry point is never cached
+
+- [X] T006 [US1] Create `ui/Dockerfile.prod` at `/workspace/ui/Dockerfile.prod` — a two-stage multi-stage build:
+  **Stage 1 (builder)**: `FROM node:22-slim AS builder`; `WORKDIR /app`; `COPY package.json package-lock.json ./`; `RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.npm npm ci`; `COPY . .`; `RUN npm run build`
+  **Stage 2 (runtime)**: `FROM nginxinc/nginx-unprivileged:alpine`; `COPY --from=builder /app/dist/reactbin-ui/browser /usr/share/nginx/html`; `COPY nginx.conf /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf`; `EXPOSE 8080`; `HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=5s --start-period=15s --retries=3 CMD wget -qO- http://localhost:8080/ || exit 1`
+
+- [X] T007 [US1] Verify TDD green for US1: run `make verify-ui-prod` and confirm all five US1 checks pass — build OK, health endpoint returns 200, SPA routing returns 200, SIGTERM produces exit code 0, and `[verify] US1 checks passed.` is printed.
+
+**Checkpoint**: US1 is complete. Production container builds, starts, serves traffic (including SPA routes), and shuts down gracefully.
+
+---
+
+## Phase 4: User Story 2 — Minimal, Secure Container (Priority: P2)
+
+**Goal**: The production image runs as non-root and contains no Node.js runtime, source, or embedded secrets.
+
+**Independent Test**: US2 checks in `make verify-ui-prod` — the same script extended with non-root, node-absent, and secrets-free assertions.
+
+### Tests for User Story 2 (TDD extension — add checks, confirm they pass against existing Dockerfile.prod)
+
+- [X] T008 [US2] Extend `ui/tests/build/verify_production_image.sh` with US2 checks inserted after the health/SPA/SIGTERM checks (before the final `US1 checks passed` line) and update the final success message to `[verify] All checks passed (US1 + US2).`:
+  **[US2 check 1 — non-root]** Before `docker stop`, run `UID_IN_CONTAINER=$(docker exec "$APP_CONTAINER" id -u)`; assert `"$UID_IN_CONTAINER" -ne 0`, fail with `FAIL: process running as root (UID 0)` if violated; print `[verify] Non-root user OK (UID $UID_IN_CONTAINER)`;
+  **[C1 — stdout log capture]** Run `LOGS=$(docker logs "$APP_CONTAINER" 2>&1)`; assert `"$LOGS"` is non-empty, fail with `FAIL: no output on stdout/stderr` if empty; print `[verify] Stdout logging OK`; insert this check before `docker stop`;
+  **[US2 check 2 — Node.js absent]** After SIGTERM cleanup, run `docker run --rm "$IMAGE" node --version 2>/dev/null`; assert the exit code is **non-zero** (node not present in runtime image); if it returns 0, fail with `FAIL: node runtime found in production image`; print `[verify] Node.js absent in runtime image OK`;
+  **[C2 — no hardcoded secrets in layers]** Run `docker history --no-trunc "$IMAGE" 2>&1`; pipe through `grep -qiE "(password|secret_key|api_key|token)"`; assert zero matching lines; if any match, fail with `FAIL: potential secret found in image history`; print `[verify] No secrets in image layers OK`;
+  **[FR-008 — cache-control headers on assets]** While APP_CONTAINER is running, find the first JS bundle filename: `JS_FILE=$(docker run --rm "$IMAGE" ls /usr/share/nginx/html | grep -E '\.js$' | head -1)`; run `curl -sI "http://localhost:18080/${JS_FILE}"`; assert the response contains `Cache-Control` with `immutable` or `max-age=31536000`, fail with `FAIL: cache-control header not set on fingerprinted asset` if absent; print `[verify] Cache-Control header OK`;
+  Confirm `make verify-ui-prod` passes with the extended checks.
+
+**Checkpoint**: US2 is verified. Image runs as a non-root user and contains no Node.js toolchain.
+
+---
+
+## Phase 5: User Story 3 — Fast, Reproducible Builds (Priority: P3)
+
+**Goal**: Rebuilding after a source-only change reuses the `npm ci` dependency layer from cache.
+
+**Independent Test**: US3 check in `make verify-ui-prod` — a second build after touching a source file asserts the dep layer was cached.
+
+### Tests for User Story 3 (TDD extension)
+
+- [X] T009 [US3] Extend `ui/tests/build/verify_production_image.sh` with a US3 cache check appended after all other checks (before the final success line):
+  **[US3 check — dep layer cached on source-only rebuild]** Print `[verify] Testing cache hit on source-only rebuild...`; `touch ui/src/app/app.component.ts`; capture `BUILD2_OUTPUT=$(docker build --progress=plain -f ui/Dockerfile.prod ui/ -t "$IMAGE2" 2>&1)` (the `--progress=plain` flag ensures consistent `CACHED` output regardless of Docker version or TTY); assert the output contains the string `CACHED`; if absent, fail with `FAIL: dependency layer not reused on source-only rebuild`; print `[verify] Dep layer cache hit confirmed (US3 OK)`;
+  Update the final success line to `[verify] All checks passed (US1 + US2 + US3).`
+
+- [X] T010 [US3] Verify TDD green for US3: run `make verify-ui-prod` and confirm the full script passes including the cache check — the build output for the second image must contain `CACHED`, and `[verify] All checks passed (US1 + US2 + US3).` must print.
+
+**Checkpoint**: All three user stories are verified end-to-end by `make verify-ui-prod`.
+
+---
+
+## Phase 6: Polish & Cross-Cutting Concerns
+
+- [X] T011 Run `make test-integration` from `/workspace` and confirm all 102 existing tests still pass — verifies that the new files (Makefile targets, ui/.dockerignore, ui/tests/build/) do not break the existing test Dockerfile build or any integration test (§5.4 regression gate)
+
+- [X] T012 Confirm image size reduction (SC-002): run `docker images reactbin-ui-prod:latest --format "{{.Size}}"` and compare against a reference single-stage image built from `FROM node:22-slim` + `npm ci` + `npm run build` to confirm the production image is substantially smaller (expected >60% reduction); document the sizes in a comment or log line
+
+- [X] T013 Run `shellcheck ui/tests/build/verify_production_image.sh` and fix any violations (common: unquoted variables, `[ ]` vs `[[ ]]`, missing `--` before arguments); also verify `make verify-ui-prod` still passes after any fixes
+
+---
+
+## Dependencies & Execution Order
+
+### Phase Dependencies
+
+- **Phase 1 (Setup)**: No external dependencies — start immediately
+- **Phase 3 (US1)**: Depends on Phase 1 (Makefile + .dockerignore must exist before `make verify-ui-prod` can run) and directory must exist (T003)
+- **Phase 4 (US2)**: Depends on Phase 3 (US1 script and Dockerfile must exist to extend)
+- **Phase 5 (US3)**: Depends on Phase 4 (full US2 script must exist to extend)
+- **Phase 6 (Polish)**: Depends on all prior phases; T011 before T012
+
+### Within Phase 3
+
+- T004 before T005/T006 (write test script before writing the nginx config and Dockerfile)
+- T005 and T006 can run in parallel (different files, no mutual dependency)
+- T007 after T005 and T006 (verify green after both implementation files exist)
+
+### Execution Order Summary
+
+```
+Step 1: T001 ∥ T002 ∥ T003  (setup — parallel, different files)
+Step 2: T004                 (write verification script — TDD red)
+Step 3: T005 ∥ T006          (write nginx.conf and Dockerfile.prod — parallel)
+Step 4: T007                 (verify US1 green)
+Step 5: T008                 (extend script with US2 checks, verify pass)
+Step 6: T009                 (extend script with US3 check)
+Step 7: T010                 (verify US3 green)
+Step 8: T011                 (make test-integration — regression gate)
+Step 9: T012                 (image size comparison — SC-002)
+Step 10: T013                (shellcheck polish)
+```
+
+---
+
+## Implementation Strategy
+
+### MVP (US1 — reliable production run)
+
+1. Complete T001–T003 (setup)
+2. Complete T004–T007 (core: write script → write nginx.conf + Dockerfile → verify green)
+3. **Validate**: `make verify-ui-prod` passes; `make test-integration` still passes
+4. US2 and US3 add explicit verification coverage for properties already implemented by the two-stage build
+
+### Incremental Delivery
+
+- After Phase 3: Production image builds, starts, serves traffic with SPA routing — safe to deploy
+- After Phase 4: Security properties (non-root, no Node.js runtime) are explicitly verified
+- After Phase 5: Build efficiency (npm ci layer caching) is confirmed by automated check
+- After Phase 6: Script is lint-clean, ready for CI integration

ui/.dockerignore

@@ -7,3 +7,5 @@ coverage/
 .env.*
 !.env.example
 *.log
+*.spec.ts
+tests/

ui/Dockerfile.prod

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
+
+# ════════════════════════════════════════════════
+# Build stage: install deps and compile Angular app
+# ════════════════════════════════════════════════
+FROM node:22-slim AS builder
+
+WORKDIR /app
+
+# Layer cache split: deps only (changes rarely)
+COPY package.json package-lock.json ./
+RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.npm \
+    npm ci
+
+# Layer cache split: source (changes often)
+COPY . .
+RUN npm run build
+
+# ════════════════════════════════════════════════
+# Runtime stage: minimal nginx serving static assets
+# ════════════════════════════════════════════════
+FROM nginxinc/nginx-unprivileged:alpine
+
+COPY --from=builder /app/dist/reactbin-ui/browser /usr/share/nginx/html
+COPY nginx.conf /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
+
+EXPOSE 8080
+
+HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=5s --start-period=15s --retries=3 \
+    CMD wget -qO- http://localhost:8080/ || exit 1

ui/nginx.conf

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+server {
+    listen 8080;
+
+    root /usr/share/nginx/html;
+    index index.html;
+
+    # SPA fallback: all unmatched paths → app shell
+    location / {
+        try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;
+    }
+
+    # Long-lived cache for fingerprinted assets
+    location ~* \.(js|css|woff2?|ttf|eot|svg|png|jpg|jpeg|gif|ico)$ {
+        expires 1y;
+        add_header Cache-Control "public, immutable";
+    }
+
+    # Never cache the entry point
+    location = /index.html {
+        add_header Cache-Control "no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate";
+    }
+}

ui/src/app/app.routes.ts

@@ -18,6 +18,11 @@ export const routes: Routes = [
     loadComponent: () =>
       import('./upload/upload.component').then((m) => m.UploadComponent),
   },
+  {
+    path: 'tags',
+    loadComponent: () =>
+      import('./tags/tags.component').then((m) => m.TagsComponent),
+  },
   {
     path: 'images/:id',
     loadComponent: () =>

ui/src/app/library/library.component.spec.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { TestBed } from '@angular/core/testing';
-import { provideRouter } from '@angular/router';
+import { provideRouter, ActivatedRoute } from '@angular/router';
 import { provideHttpClient } from '@angular/common/http';
 import { provideHttpClientTesting } from '@angular/common/http/testing';
 import { of } from 'rxjs';
@@ -7,6 +7,16 @@ import { LibraryComponent } from './library.component';
 import { ImageService } from '../services/image.service';
 import { routes } from '../app.routes';
 
+function makeActivatedRoute(queryParams: Record<string, string> = {}) {
+  return {
+    snapshot: {
+      queryParamMap: {
+        get: (key: string) => queryParams[key] ?? null,
+      },
+    },
+  };
+}
+
 const EMPTY_PAGE = { items: [], total: 0, limit: 50, offset: 0 };
 const ONE_IMAGE = {
   items: [{ id: '1', filename: 'a.jpg', tags: ['cat'], hash: '', mime_type: 'image/jpeg', size_bytes: 1, width: 1, height: 1, storage_key: '', thumbnail_key: null, created_at: '' }],
@@ -107,4 +117,32 @@ describe('LibraryComponent', () => {
     fixture.componentInstance.onImgError(event);
     expect(imgEl.src).toBe(originalSrc);
   });
+
+  it('pre-populates activeFilters from ?tags= query param on init', () => {
+    TestBed.overrideProvider(ActivatedRoute, { useValue: makeActivatedRoute({ tags: 'cat,funny' }) });
+    const fixture = TestBed.createComponent(LibraryComponent);
+    const imgSvc = TestBed.inject(ImageService);
+    const listSpy = spyOn(imgSvc, 'list').and.returnValue(of(EMPTY_PAGE));
+    fixture.detectChanges();
+    expect(fixture.componentInstance.activeFilters).toEqual(['cat', 'funny']);
+    expect(listSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith(['cat', 'funny'], jasmine.any(Number), jasmine.any(Number));
+  });
+
+  it('does not set activeFilters when no ?tags= param present', () => {
+    TestBed.overrideProvider(ActivatedRoute, { useValue: makeActivatedRoute() });
+    const fixture = TestBed.createComponent(LibraryComponent);
+    const imgSvc = TestBed.inject(ImageService);
+    spyOn(imgSvc, 'list').and.returnValue(of(EMPTY_PAGE));
+    fixture.detectChanges();
+    expect(fixture.componentInstance.activeFilters).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  it('header contains a link to /tags', () => {
+    const fixture = TestBed.createComponent(LibraryComponent);
+    const imgSvc = TestBed.inject(ImageService);
+    spyOn(imgSvc, 'list').and.returnValue(of(EMPTY_PAGE));
+    fixture.detectChanges();
+    const link = (fixture.nativeElement as HTMLElement).querySelector('a[href="/tags"]');
+    expect(link).not.toBeNull();
+  });
 });

ui/src/app/library/library.component.ts

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import {
   ChangeDetectorRef,
 } from '@angular/core';
 import { CommonModule } from '@angular/common';
-import { Router, RouterLink } from '@angular/router';
+import { Router, RouterLink, ActivatedRoute } from '@angular/router';
 import { Subject, debounceTime, distinctUntilChanged, share, timer } from 'rxjs';
 import { takeUntil } from 'rxjs/operators';
 import { ImageRecord, ImageService } from '../services/image.service';
@@ -22,7 +22,10 @@ const PLACEHOLDER_SVG = `data:image/svg+xml,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/s
     <div class="library">
       <header>
         <h1>Reactbin</h1>
-        <button class="upload-btn" (click)="router.navigate(['/upload'])">Upload</button>
+        <div class="header-actions">
+          <a routerLink="/tags" class="tags-link">Browse tags</a>
+          <button class="upload-btn" (click)="router.navigate(['/upload'])">Upload</button>
+        </div>
       </header>
 
       <div class="filter-bar">
@@ -88,6 +91,9 @@ const PLACEHOLDER_SVG = `data:image/svg+xml,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/s
   styles: [`
     .library { max-width: 1200px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 24px 16px; }
     header { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center; margin-bottom: 20px; }
+    .header-actions { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 12px; }
+    .tags-link { color: var(--text-muted); text-decoration: none; font-size: 0.9rem; transition: color var(--transition); }
+    .tags-link:hover { color: var(--text); }
     .upload-btn { padding: 8px 20px; background: var(--accent); color: var(--accent-text); border: none; border-radius: var(--radius); cursor: pointer; font-weight: 600; }
     .filter-bar { position: relative; margin-bottom: 24px; }
     .filter-bar input { width: 100%; padding: 10px; background: var(--surface); border: 1px solid var(--border); color: var(--text); border-radius: var(--radius); }
@@ -134,9 +140,14 @@ export class LibraryComponent implements OnInit {
     private tagService: TagService,
     public router: Router,
     private cdr: ChangeDetectorRef,
+    private route: ActivatedRoute,
   ) {}
 
   ngOnInit(): void {
+    const tagsParam = this.route.snapshot.queryParamMap.get('tags');
+    if (tagsParam) {
+      this.activeFilters = tagsParam.split(',').map((t) => t.trim()).filter((t) => t.length > 0);
+    }
     this.load();
     this.filterChange$.pipe(debounceTime(300), distinctUntilChanged()).subscribe((q) => {
       if (q) {

ui/src/app/services/tag.service.spec.ts

@@ -30,4 +30,26 @@ describe('TagService', () => {
     expect(req.request.params.has('q')).toBeFalse();
     req.flush({ items: [], total: 0, limit: 100, offset: 0 });
   });
+
+  it('should include sort param when provided', () => {
+    service.list('', 100, 0, 'count_desc').subscribe();
+    const req = httpMock.expectOne((r) => r.url === '/api/v1/tags');
+    expect(req.request.params.get('sort')).toBe('count_desc');
+    req.flush({ items: [], total: 0, limit: 100, offset: 0 });
+  });
+
+  it('should include min_count param when minCount is provided', () => {
+    service.list('', 500, 0, 'count_desc', 1).subscribe();
+    const req = httpMock.expectOne((r) => r.url === '/api/v1/tags');
+    expect(req.request.params.get('min_count')).toBe('1');
+    req.flush({ items: [], total: 0, limit: 500, offset: 0 });
+  });
+
+  it('should omit sort and min_count when not provided', () => {
+    service.list('cat').subscribe();
+    const req = httpMock.expectOne((r) => r.url === '/api/v1/tags');
+    expect(req.request.params.has('sort')).toBeFalse();
+    expect(req.request.params.has('min_count')).toBeFalse();
+    req.flush({ items: [], total: 0, limit: 100, offset: 0 });
+  });
 });

ui/src/app/services/tag.service.ts

@@ -21,11 +21,17 @@ export class TagService {
 
   constructor(private http: HttpClient) {}
 
-  list(prefix?: string, limit = 100, offset = 0): Observable<TagListResponse> {
+  list(prefix = '', limit = 100, offset = 0, sort?: string, minCount?: number): Observable<TagListResponse> {
     let params = new HttpParams().set('limit', limit).set('offset', offset);
     if (prefix) {
       params = params.set('q', prefix);
     }
+    if (sort) {
+      params = params.set('sort', sort);
+    }
+    if (minCount !== undefined) {
+      params = params.set('min_count', minCount);
+    }
     return this.http.get<TagListResponse>(`${this.base}/tags`, { params });
   }
 }

ui/src/app/tags/tags.component.spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+import { TestBed } from '@angular/core/testing';
+import { provideRouter } from '@angular/router';
+import { Subject, of, throwError } from 'rxjs';
+import { TagsComponent } from './tags.component';
+import { TagService, TagListResponse } from '../services/tag.service';
+import { routes } from '../app.routes';
+
+const TAGS_PAGE = (items: { name: string; image_count: number }[]): TagListResponse => ({
+  items: items.map((t, i) => ({ id: String(i), ...t })),
+  total: items.length,
+  limit: 500,
+  offset: 0,
+});
+
+describe('TagsComponent', () => {
+  let tagSvc: jasmine.SpyObj<TagService>;
+
+  beforeEach(async () => {
+    tagSvc = jasmine.createSpyObj('TagService', ['list']);
+
+    await TestBed.configureTestingModule({
+      imports: [TagsComponent],
+      providers: [
+        { provide: TagService, useValue: tagSvc },
+        provideRouter(routes),
+      ],
+    }).compileComponents();
+  });
+
+  it('shows skeleton while loading', () => {
+    // list() never resolves during this test
+    tagSvc.list.and.returnValue(new Subject<never>().asObservable());
+    const fixture = TestBed.createComponent(TagsComponent);
+    fixture.componentInstance.showSpinner = true;
+    fixture.detectChanges();
+    expect((fixture.nativeElement as HTMLElement).querySelector('.skeleton')).not.toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  it('renders tag list with name and count after load', () => {
+    tagSvc.list.and.returnValue(of(TAGS_PAGE([
+      { name: 'cat', image_count: 5 },
+      { name: 'dog', image_count: 2 },
+    ])));
+    const fixture = TestBed.createComponent(TagsComponent);
+    fixture.detectChanges();
+    const items = (fixture.nativeElement as HTMLElement).querySelectorAll('.tag-item');
+    expect(items.length).toBe(2);
+    expect(items[0].textContent).toContain('cat');
+    expect(items[0].textContent).toContain('5');
+  });
+
+  it('tags are ordered by count descending (service is called with count_desc)', () => {
+    tagSvc.list.and.returnValue(of(TAGS_PAGE([])));
+    const fixture = TestBed.createComponent(TagsComponent);
+    fixture.detectChanges();
+    expect(tagSvc.list).toHaveBeenCalledWith('', 500, 0, 'count_desc', 1);
+  });
+
+  it('shows empty state when tag list is empty', () => {
+    tagSvc.list.and.returnValue(of(TAGS_PAGE([])));
+    const fixture = TestBed.createComponent(TagsComponent);
+    fixture.detectChanges();
+    expect((fixture.nativeElement as HTMLElement).querySelector('.empty-state')).not.toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  it('shows error state on fetch failure', () => {
+    tagSvc.list.and.returnValue(throwError(() => new Error('network')));
+    const fixture = TestBed.createComponent(TagsComponent);
+    fixture.detectChanges();
+    expect((fixture.nativeElement as HTMLElement).querySelector('.error-card')).not.toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  it('retry button in error state calls load again', () => {
+    tagSvc.list.and.returnValue(throwError(() => new Error('network')));
+    const fixture = TestBed.createComponent(TagsComponent);
+    fixture.detectChanges();
+    spyOn(fixture.componentInstance, 'load');
+    const btn = (fixture.nativeElement as HTMLElement).querySelector('.error-card .retry-btn') as HTMLButtonElement;
+    expect(btn).not.toBeNull();
+    btn.click();
+    expect(fixture.componentInstance.load).toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it('each tag item links to /?tags=<tagname>', () => {
+    tagSvc.list.and.returnValue(of(TAGS_PAGE([
+      { name: 'funny', image_count: 3 },
+    ])));
+    const fixture = TestBed.createComponent(TagsComponent);
+    fixture.detectChanges();
+    const link = (fixture.nativeElement as HTMLElement).querySelector('.tag-item a') as HTMLAnchorElement;
+    expect(link).not.toBeNull();
+    expect(link.getAttribute('href')).toBe('/?tags=funny');
+  });
+
+  it('renders without requiring authentication', () => {
+    tagSvc.list.and.returnValue(of(TAGS_PAGE([{ name: 'test', image_count: 1 }])));
+    // No AuthService injected — component must not depend on it
+    const fixture = TestBed.createComponent(TagsComponent);
+    expect(() => fixture.detectChanges()).not.toThrow();
+    expect((fixture.nativeElement as HTMLElement).querySelector('.tag-item')).not.toBeNull();
+  });
+});

ui/src/app/tags/tags.component.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+import { Component, OnInit, ChangeDetectionStrategy, ChangeDetectorRef } from '@angular/core';
+import { CommonModule } from '@angular/common';
+import { RouterLink } from '@angular/router';
+import { TagRecord, TagService } from '../services/tag.service';
+
+@Component({
+  selector: 'app-tags',
+  standalone: true,
+  imports: [CommonModule, RouterLink],
+  changeDetection: ChangeDetectionStrategy.OnPush,
+  template: `
+    <div class="tags-page">
+      <header class="tags-header">
+        <h1>Browse Tags</h1>
+        <a routerLink="/" class="back-link">← Library</a>
+      </header>
+
+      <!-- Skeleton -->
+      <div *ngIf="showSpinner" class="tag-grid">
+        <div *ngFor="let _ of skeletonItems" class="tag-item skeleton tag-skeleton"></div>
+      </div>
+
+      <!-- Error -->
+      <div *ngIf="error && !showSpinner" class="error-card">
+        <p>Failed to load tags. Please check your connection.</p>
+        <button class="retry-btn" (click)="load()">Retry</button>
+      </div>
+
+      <!-- Empty -->
+      <div *ngIf="!showSpinner && !error && tags.length === 0" class="empty-state">
+        <span class="empty-icon">✦</span>
+        <p>No tags yet. Upload some images and add tags to get started.</p>
+      </div>
+
+      <!-- Tag grid -->
+      <div *ngIf="!showSpinner && !error && tags.length > 0" class="tag-grid">
+        <div *ngFor="let tag of tags" class="tag-item">
+          <a [routerLink]="['/']" [queryParams]="{ tags: tag.name }" class="tag-link">
+            <span class="tag-name">{{ tag.name }}</span>
+            <span class="tag-count">{{ tag.image_count }}</span>
+          </a>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  `,
+  styles: [`
+    .tags-page { max-width: 1200px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 24px 16px; }
+    .tags-header { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center; margin-bottom: 24px; }
+    .tags-header h1 { margin: 0; }
+    .back-link { color: var(--text-muted); text-decoration: none; font-size: 0.9rem; }
+    .back-link:hover { color: var(--text); }
+    .tag-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(160px, 1fr)); gap: 10px; }
+    .tag-item { background: var(--surface); border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: var(--radius); transition: border-color var(--transition); }
+    .tag-item:hover { border-color: var(--border-focus); }
+    .tag-skeleton { height: 56px; }
+    .tag-link { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center; padding: 12px 16px; text-decoration: none; color: var(--text); }
+    .tag-name { font-size: 0.95rem; font-weight: 500; }
+    .tag-count { font-size: 0.8rem; color: var(--text-muted); background: var(--surface-raised); padding: 2px 8px; border-radius: var(--radius-chip); }
+    .empty-state { text-align: center; padding: 60px 0; color: var(--text-muted); }
+    .empty-icon { display: block; font-size: 2rem; margin-bottom: 12px; }
+    .error-card { text-align: center; padding: 40px; background: var(--surface); border-radius: var(--radius); border: 1px solid var(--border); }
+    .error-card p { color: var(--text-muted); margin-bottom: 16px; }
+    .retry-btn { padding: 8px 24px; background: var(--surface-raised); color: var(--text); border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: var(--radius); cursor: pointer; transition: border-color var(--transition); }
+    .retry-btn:hover { border-color: var(--border-focus); }
+  `],
+})
+export class TagsComponent implements OnInit {
+  tags: TagRecord[] = [];
+  showSpinner = false;
+  error = false;
+  readonly skeletonItems = Array(12).fill(null);
+
+  constructor(private tagService: TagService, private cdr: ChangeDetectorRef) {}
+
+  ngOnInit(): void {
+    this.load();
+  }
+
+  load(): void {
+    this.error = false;
+    this.showSpinner = true;
+    this.cdr.markForCheck();
+    this.tagService.list('', 500, 0, 'count_desc', 1).subscribe({
+      next: (res) => {
+        this.tags = res.items;
+        this.showSpinner = false;
+        this.cdr.markForCheck();
+      },
+      error: () => {
+        this.showSpinner = false;
+        this.error = true;
+        this.cdr.markForCheck();
+      },
+    });
+  }
+}

ui/tests/build/verify_production_image.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# TDD verification script for ui/Dockerfile.prod
+# Fails (red) if Dockerfile.prod does not exist or any check fails.
+set -euo pipefail
+
+IMAGE="reactbin-ui-prod:verify-$$"
+IMAGE2="reactbin-ui-prod:verify-cache-$$"
+APP_CONTAINER=""
+
+cleanup() {
+    [ -n "$APP_CONTAINER" ] && docker rm -f "$APP_CONTAINER" 2>/dev/null || true
+    docker rmi "$IMAGE" 2>/dev/null || true
+    docker rmi "$IMAGE2" 2>/dev/null || true
+}
+trap cleanup EXIT
+
+# ── US1 check 1: build ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+echo "[verify] Building $IMAGE..."
+docker build -f ui/Dockerfile.prod ui/ -t "$IMAGE"
+echo "[verify] Build OK"
+
+# ── US1 check 2: start container ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+echo "[verify] Starting production container..."
+APP_CONTAINER=$(docker run -d -p 18080:8080 "$IMAGE")
+
+# ── US1 check 3: health endpoint ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+echo "[verify] Polling health endpoint..."
+for i in $(seq 1 30); do
+    if curl -sf http://localhost:18080/ > /dev/null; then break; fi
+    sleep 1
+    if [[ $i -eq 30 ]]; then echo "FAIL: health check timed out after 30s"; exit 1; fi
+done
+echo "[verify] Health check passed"
+
+# ── US1 check 4: SPA routing ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
+if ! curl -sf http://localhost:18080/library > /dev/null; then
+    echo "FAIL: SPA routing check failed (/library did not return 200)"; exit 1
+fi
+echo "[verify] SPA routing OK (/library → 200)"
+
+# ── US2 check 1: non-root user ────────────────────────────────────────────────
+UID_IN_CONTAINER=$(docker exec "$APP_CONTAINER" id -u)
+if [[ "$UID_IN_CONTAINER" -eq 0 ]]; then
+    echo "FAIL: process running as root (UID 0)"; exit 1
+fi
+echo "[verify] Non-root user OK (UID $UID_IN_CONTAINER)"
+
+# ── C1: stdout/stderr log capture ─────────────────────────────────────────────
+LOGS=$(docker logs "$APP_CONTAINER" 2>&1)
+if [[ -z "$LOGS" ]]; then
+    echo "FAIL: no output on stdout/stderr"; exit 1
+fi
+echo "[verify] Stdout logging OK"
+
+# ── FR-008: cache-control headers on fingerprinted assets ─────────────────────
+JS_FILE=$(docker run --rm "$IMAGE" ls /usr/share/nginx/html | grep -E '\.js$' | head -1)
+if [[ -n "$JS_FILE" ]]; then
+    CACHE_HEADER=$(curl -sI "http://localhost:18080/${JS_FILE}" | grep -i "cache-control" || true)
+    if ! echo "$CACHE_HEADER" | grep -qi "immutable\|max-age=31536000"; then
+        echo "FAIL: cache-control header not set on fingerprinted asset ${JS_FILE}"; exit 1
+    fi
+    echo "[verify] Cache-Control header OK"
+else
+    echo "[verify] Cache-Control header check skipped (no .js file found at root)"
+fi
+
+# ── US1 check 5: SIGTERM → exit 0 ────────────────────────────────────────────
+docker stop "$APP_CONTAINER" > /dev/null
+EXIT_CODE=$(docker wait "$APP_CONTAINER")
+if [[ "$EXIT_CODE" -ne 0 ]]; then
+    echo "FAIL: non-zero exit code $EXIT_CODE after SIGTERM"; exit 1
+fi
+echo "[verify] Graceful shutdown OK (exit $EXIT_CODE)"
+
+# ── US2 check 2: Node.js absent from runtime image ───────────────────────────
+set +e
+docker run --rm "$IMAGE" node --version 2>/dev/null
+NODE_EXIT=$?
+set -e
+if [[ "$NODE_EXIT" -eq 0 ]]; then
+    echo "FAIL: node runtime found in production image"; exit 1
+fi
+echo "[verify] Node.js absent in runtime image OK"
+
+# ── C2: no hardcoded secrets in image layers ─────────────────────────────────
+if docker history --no-trunc "$IMAGE" 2>&1 | grep -qiE "(password|secret_key|api_key|token)"; then
+    echo "FAIL: potential secret found in image history"; exit 1
+fi
+echo "[verify] No secrets in image layers OK"
+
+# ── US3: dep layer cached on source-only rebuild ─────────────────────────────
+echo "[verify] Testing cache hit on source-only rebuild..."
+touch ui/src/app/app.component.ts
+BUILD2_OUTPUT=$(docker build --progress=plain -f ui/Dockerfile.prod ui/ -t "$IMAGE2" 2>&1)
+if ! echo "$BUILD2_OUTPUT" | grep -q "CACHED"; then
+    echo "FAIL: dependency layer not reused on source-only rebuild"; exit 1
+fi
+echo "[verify] Dep layer cache hit confirmed (US3 OK)"
+
+echo "[verify] All checks passed (US1 + US2 + US3)."